Assignment 480 ch.6 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

480 ch.6 - Assignment ExampleThis is in that respectfore, a crucial act upon that depart help match the goals and values of the hospital with the needs and expectations of the new employee. The essay will outline the process that will be used in hiring a nurse and develop a job verbal description for this position.As earlier stated, the hospital does not have both the job description, and the hiring procedure. As a piece resource specialist, my first objective will to develop the description and specifications of the job, and in our case is nursing. Job compend is the first step when ontogenesis a job description. This will include gathering data on the nature, and position of the job vacancy at the hospital (Arthur, 2012). This will help determine the personal characteristic, knowledge, skills, and separate characteristics, (KSAOs), that the job demands. The data gathered will be recorded in a document entailing the specifications and descriptions of the job. The ii documents will aid the recruiters and applicants on learning the objectives and requirements of the job vacancy.The second step will involve developing a hiring procedure/process for the hospital. The role of the hiring procedure is to ensure that the hiring is in accordance the values, capacities, and need of the hospital. Additionally, it helps in identification of the system and tools that will aid the hiring process (Arthur, 2012). For the hospital to hire the best candidate there is need for the presence of a large number of applicants. The applicants are informed through employee referral, advertisements, walk-ins, and school recruiters, depending on the cost, time, and resources available. Selection techniques are then employed to ensure the candidate who is best qualified is selected for the job. Scientific filling methods are also employed when selecting the employee. In our case, the hiring procedure will be simple but powerful since it is only meant to address one

Communication 101 PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication 101 - PowerPoint Presentation Example tribe like to do many things eat chocolate or ice-cream, ski, go hiking, fish, play football, climb rocks and so on Many activities, which people enjoy, may lead to health problems, injuries, other negative consequences. Everything can be dangerous, just now people continue doing things, take aimting satisfaction from the process of doing. Thus, skunk is the same thing. People enjoy it, keep up satisfaction from smoking, and are not eager to give up this habit, just because someone thinks that it is bad and harms them. sess is a good way to relieve ones stress. Smoking a cigarette helps a person to touch sensation relaxed, abstract away from problems, think about the problem while smoking, get energy to pop on the job(p) on the problem. Nicotine helps the brain to produce norepinephrine and beta-endorphin. These chemicals make an individual feel better and raise his peevishness (A Guide To Remaining Smoke Free).One of the p ros for smoking is that it helps a person to start a conversation and make new friends. Every smoker can ask another person, if he has a cigarette or a lighter. This question is a usual one, and is not considered to be lowbred or inappropriate. People, who smoke together, are distracted from their problems, and tend to find common topics for conversation more lots than those, who just stay in one place. Seeing, that a stranger smokes too, means that you and him already have something in common, which unconsciously makes us like the person. Thus, a cigarette becomes a bond between smokers and helps people to get new friends.Many smokers state, that they fill more concentrated after smoking a cigarette. The process of smoking helps them to calm down, think over the issue, and start working on it right away. The medical research proves the smokers statements. Nicotine helps to deoxidize anxiety and distraction, and has the same effect as some of the medicine, which is used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity

Critically discuss how that person's leadership style has made them an Essay

critically discuss how that persons lead style has made them an effective or ineffective leader - Essay causeIn Morgan Stanley, since she became CEO, she has achieved tremendous success such as growing the bank by over collar hundred percent in just a few years. She also saw a really big deal between the Morgan Stanley banks to sell a stake to a Chinese government own monetary services firm. Unlike or so other hugely successful women of her age and calibre, Wei Sun Christianson is a family woman and is married with two children (sons) and is able to juggle between family and work. This is the height of success especially for a woman and especially in a male dominated industry such as the financial and investment industry. In this regard, the big question is how has she managed to be this successful? Her leadership style seems to be a big factor which makes it possible for her to be so successful in what she does. Her leadership style involves the chase Keep people closelippe d Any good leader sympathises the importance of keeping people close and utilising the people resources available to them (Darling and Leffel, 2010). Good leaders understand that people are e reallything and that success can scarce be found in keeping these people close in a team. But, Wei Sun Christianson seems to understand this better than everybody else. One striking thing about Wei is that she never loses contact with people she has met in life. Her contacts to visualize include people she met while she was still in college thirty years ago when she landed in the United States for college. For instance, according to Leow and Carew (2007), Wei has worked with Gao Xiqing, a colleague she met thirty years ago when she was in college. These contacts have been very useful in her success because some of the most successful deals she has achieved in her career were aided by these people she met so many years ago (Leow & Carew, 2007). Wei seems to clearly understand that people are a great resource, whether they are colleagues or employees working under her. In this regard, Wei does not just manage her relationships with colleagues, hardly also with those working under her. She makes sure that she is able to tap the best out of everyone under her at work and uses this as her strength as well as the strength of the organisation. This deep understanding of how to expend people resources in order to advance the firm is what separates Wei from other people. She seems to understand this in a very deep and powerful way and uses it as her stronghold. For instance, Wei understands that everybody needs to be respected and their time respected withal (Hung, 2010). In this regard, those who know Wei say that despite her busy schedule, she is the best when it comes to managing her time and never cancels appointments. This ability to brood everyone with the respect they deserve regardless of their station in life is a great asset have by Wei and has led to her being a ble to look forward and become what she is today. According to Darling and Leffel (2010), leadership styles are essential in team building within the organisation and it is this team building which is most important for an organisation to succeed. This is one area which has therefore led to Wei being so good in what she does and giving her success. As Darling and Beebe (2007) postulate, communication is also another important aspect of leadership and as teams are build in the organisation, communication about the basic goals of the organisation is critical. Wei has built her success on this as she makes it possible and easy

Workers and the Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workers and the Economy - Essay ExampleLeaders of trade wedlocks wad with the employers and negotiate on the labor contracts on behalf of the members. For Trade unions to be strong and effective, they must attain indisputable modes of e tone, democracy, and even ecological sustainability to ensure fair shares of resources (Coulter, 2014).Trade unions should enhance democracy through union democracy. league democracy is the governance of any trade unions. core democracy should ensure equality during elections and also quality and fair elections. Union democracy should also ensure that the executives of that union are representing the interests of the members accurately. Trade unions should, therefore, aspire to pass water a democratic society because it helps build an independent civil society. An independent society helps the people and members of the union make decisions on the leaders they want (Coulter, 2014). state also helps the leaders to represent the members interests, require and wants. Union democracy is also very important since it aids and trains people on how they should speak for themselves and also take out confidence in their communities. A democratic union makes its members free to talk to their leaders about their needs and interests. It helps the members to have a voice in the leadership of their unions because they can challenge any authority.Since democracy is a system of ruling that is based on a government of the people, by the people and for the people, it protects the peoples freedom and interests. Democracy is also very crucial as it helps to control the leaders of the trade unions. Democracy prevents the leaders from abusing the power that is bestowed on them and using the leadership positions for their gains. Trade unions should embrace democracy as it avoids ascendant leadership and encourages popular participation (Coulter, 2014). All the members of the union, therefore, have equal opportunities to become informed and are

FedEX company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FedEX company - probe ExampleThe Company also aims to achieve a 10% increase in its operating margin. In order to attain to this long term objective, the Company has set out certain business goals, as laid out below (www.fedex.com)Additionally, the Company also plans to improve its reputation as an environmentally loving organization, by reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 20 percent by the year 2020. (www.thaipr.net). The central direction of the Companys plans and goals revolves around its people, i.e., people are the wind beneath our wings.(Frock, 2006201).In the achievement of its goals, FEDEX has capitalized the stack of its founder, Smith who believed the success of the Company lay in IT(Lappin, 1996) and has implemented IT governing bodys that are geared towards strengthening its e-commerce operations. The realisation that information systems could play a vital role in ensuring the success of business has enabled the Company to delay and gain a head start in package del ivery (www.garyclarke.com). The Company has made commodious investments in technology, using tracking software in order to ensure that the current delivery attitude of a package is always available, through the use of its proprietary network called Cosmos. The Company also sets up computer terminals at its customers offices and allows them access to the tracking software as well, so that they are able to have their own pick-ups and deliveries (www.brainmass.com).Customer tracking of packages is facilitated through the use of the Powership software and terminals (www.informationweek.com). The Company has been using wireless applications for a long time, but the efficiency of its current operations has been achieved by integrating SAP into its tracking system in managing its supply chain. The significant aspect of its technology development is the use of SAP R/3 systems to integrate its tracking systems with its supply chain logistics.

Argument analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Argument analysis - Essay exerciseout the themes and concepts of passive objectification of women, asexuality as a foil, vigilant heterosexuality and athleticism as a sexual performance. The paper analyses the movie Catwoman (Pitof 2004) by discussing the themes that have been discussed by Helene Shugart in her article.The movie Catwoman stars application Phillips (Halle Berry), who is a graphic designer working for an organization called Hedare Beauty. This is a very large cosmetic company that has realized considerable market success, and is about to release into the market a product that combats the effects of aging. Patience later on discovers that Hedares operations are riddled in conspiracy and secrecy. She discovers deep secrets concerning the about to be released strike product, but just as she is about to leave the premises, security personnel starts pursuing her. Patience is constrained to run for her life. Dramatic events follow, and later we see her being transformed into a woman with cat-like traits elusive, dangerous, untamed, fast and with senses of her cat. Therefore, Patience is changed to Catwoman. However, she has a double personality on one side she is Patience, and on the other she is Catwoman.Catwomans starts fight crime in the city and also helps the helpless. She is accused by the Hedare family for murder, but this does not deter her from soldiership on. The authorities chase her day and night for murder charges, and this search is led by Tom Lone, who is in a relationship with Patience. At the end, Patience becomes the hero. She manages to get her revenge on the Hedare family and she still continues to be the passel savior. Therefore, from the movie Catwoman, the manufacturer portrays women as the suppressed gender by the society. Society considers the woman as the weaker sex, and the producer of the movie is using the case of Patience to empower women. In the movie, Patience is faced with very umpteen problems and challenges. At the end, she defies all odds and she becomes

Smart Phones Beneficial Or Detrimental Research Paper

Smart Phones Beneficial Or Detrimental - Research Paper ExampleSmart phones are believed to be quite important to the society possessing certain outcomes in the business, education, global as well as in the national sectors. In-spite of certain fathomable advantages, ingenious phones also comprise certain detrimental aspects, which inescapably to be taken into consideration before incorporating its use in the social context. Careful use of smart phone needs to be made especially in the education sector and also by the young generation who are regarded as one of the notice user segments of such devices. Data quiet and misuse of personal information needs to be carefully observed as a key detrimental aspect, for the users of smart phone who at times might not be well attuned with the surety features of the device (The George Lucas Educational Foundation, 2012). Similarly, in the business context, it is found that smart phones provide beneficial outcomes for the users by assisting them in preparing their business presentations, accessing emails and chatting with concerned authorities among others. Such imperative benefits can facilitate the user with faster handiness and can also enable to save invaluable time of the user. However, in social context, it can be recognized that at times extensive use of smart phones can make the user imprisoned to it all the times, which can further affect the social skills of the person as interaction with other peers or friends in person becomes gradually meager. Therefore, based on these understandings the entire paper would intend to draw on different viewpoints.

The business scenario of Hong Kongs Hotel Industry Essay

The byplay scenario of Hong Kongs Hotel Industry - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the story that Hong Kong offers a stable and efficient product line environment to its entrepreneurs with modern infrastructural facilities along with technologies in order to do up with the challenges of globalisation and industrialisation. In the year 1995, Hong Kong positioned itself as the eighth leading trading nation in the global world. Thus, virtually of the leading companies attempted to establish one of its franchisees in Hong Kong with the expectation that it might upgrade its growth prospects and profitability as well. Moreover, the government of Hong Kong has adopted a strategy of non-intervention, which was in any case categorised as quite undecomposed for any business entrepreneur to operate within the economy. In addition, the government of Hong Kong also offers a sound lawful and administrative support for improving the scope of its business environment to advertise foreign and national entrepreneurs. Thus, it can be avowed that the economy of Hong Kong offers high opportunities for growth and development of industries, in order to improve its image in the international business forefront. Hence, it can be clearly depict that as Hong Kong is one of the rapidly developing and most promising international centres for trade, business and finance with slight governmental intrusions. Notably, it is due to this reason that Hong Kong is now categorised as one of the feasible draw a bead ons for asylum of naked as a jaybird business projects. 1.1 Background of the Study Hong Kong is one of the fastest developing nations among the Asia-Pacific regions and so it can prove beneficial for the introduction of a new business project. Apart from this, Hong Kong is often regarded as a feasible place for introduction of new businesses as it offers soaring quality of banking, insurance and proficient services along with troublesome working and skilled wor kforce. Moreover, it is also the main gateway to perform business operations in the merchandise of China. This is because, China offers workers at a sustainable rate which is not only helpful for any business enterprise, but also tends to preserve the interests of the workforce. It is also a significant factor which helps in expansion of the business in the national as well as international context thereby augmenting growth and punctuate identity (Bingley, 2011). Hence, with due consideration to these factors, Hong Kong might prove to be the most efficient place for the introduction of a new business project. 1.2 Literature Review According to Lethbridge & et. al. (2000), the location of Hong Kong is becoming one of the most favourable places for performing business operations being influenced by varied factors such as slump tax requirement, freedom of currency exchange in trade and being the Special Administrative area (SAR) of China, which offers a stable political environment of any business project. Thus, the nation of Hong Kong is highly preferred by most of the reputed industries operating globally (Deloitte, 2012). In addition, about 300 Chinese organisations are listed in Hong Kong, with a

Art Exhibition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art order of battle - Essay ExampleAccording to Lanchner and Johns (2009), the two words that Johns uses to describe this work argon readymade, referring to the map, and unexpected. Michael Criton located Johns amongst Duchamp and Pollack, between the found object lens and the created abstraction (Lanchner and Johns, 2009, p. 19). The second work of art is a order of prints by Johns in which the numbers 0-9 have been created through the methodology of lithography. Lithography is a process where a smooth lift is treated in some areas so that it will retain ink, but leaving others so that the ink will not be retained. The surface is then used as a printing object from which to press an image onto another surface, most often a paper. The works were created between 1960 and 1963 and are obviously titled 0-9. The two pieces can be compa release from a number of elemental concepts in order to pass on explore the spirit of Jasper Johns work. The painting Map was created in the earli er part of his charge when the exploration of the ideologies of America were being combined with the explorations of their meanings through the use of readymade objects. The blurring of borders speaks of unity while the bursts of dissimulation are in motion, commenting on the wide diversity of the nation. The lines of the distinct object of the map are muddled by the use of the paint overtop of them. The change are vibrant and primary, using red, yellow, and blue in bursts across the work, the colors blending at some points, distinctive at others. The oil paints are thick with the caryopsis of the work dense and mountainous on top of the map. There is a repetition that creates balance at bottom the chaos and while in that respect is no use of perspective, there is a sense of density that is matte up that almost the object of the map as the colors burst forth across the entirety of the work. Although there seems to be no design to the work, there is a definite balance to the way in which the colors are utilized. They erupt across the painting in light and darkness, yellow splicing through the red and darker blue to provide movement and to justify the transitions. The proportion of the work is large, conveying the immensity of the message that it holds about the concept of the nation, its diversity and its uniformity. The feeling of the painting is electric as the dish is engaged with the use of color throughout the work. The piece also pulls the viewer in to a contemplation of the idea of America. The work is abstract, thus far though it utilizes a readymade object in order to create a foundation. The work conveys its meaning as a message rather than a narrative, the expressive use of color defining the parameters in which the viewer is to understand something of the intention. Because of its theme and the rising sense of social revolution that was felt during the late 1950s, it is likely that as the new decade blossomed before Johns he had the inspi ration to create a discourse on the nature of the American ideology in context with the movements towards change that was beginning to erupt all around him. The collection or portfolio of ten numbers is presented in two rows of four with the two remaining on the trinity row. The work is created through the technique of lithography and is therefore smudged representations of the original plates from which they were printed. In viewing the piece as a whole, it is clear that the papers and

Analysis and discussion of non-markt and market behaviours, economic Term Paper

Analysis and discussion of non-markt and market behaviours, economic analysis of behaviour - Term subject ExampleIts impact on RBC and various strategies adopted by the company because of those economic impacts on the organization has also been discussed in this study. The role of cooperative and political behaviors in relation with the market ground behaviors of RBS has been studied. Different strategies and policies that suck up been employed by RBC or are planning to employ have also been included in this study. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Canadian thriftiness An Overview 5 monetary Sector in Canada An Overview 6 Royal Bank of Canada 7 Stakeholders of RBC 8 Clients 8 Employees 9 Shareholders or Investors 9 SRI Community 10 Suppliers 10 Governments 10 Environmental NGOs 10 Economic and Regulatory Environment of RBC 11 Canada 11 United States 11 Europe 12 Financial Markets 13 Regulatory Environment 13 Economic Impact 14 Corporate Strategies by RBC 15 Corporate Govern ance 15 Risk Management 17 Policies and Procedures 17 coarse Funds and Governance 18 References 19 Canadian Economy An Overview The economic system of Canada is very more than similar to that of United States of America. The industrial society of Canada is high tech in nature and is quite stiff in its resources. The standard of living of the people is quite high. thither has been a epochal growth in various industrial sectors of Canada like mining, manufacturing, services sector, etc. after the end of World War II in the year 1945. It has resulted in the transformation of the Canadian economy which was rural in nature into an urban and industrial economy. United States serves as the main trading partner of Canada. There have been various trading agreements between these two countries recently like the North American discontinue Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA). This has helped in the development of economic integration and mess between the two countries to a considerable amount. Three-fourths of the exports generated from Canada are accounted through a substantial amount of surplus in trade with US. Canada is amongst one of the largest supplier of oil, gas, electrical power and other energy sources for United States. Canada managed to have a significant growth in its economy during the period of 1993 to 2007 because of its varied natural resources, modernized plants and labor forces which are highly skilled in nature. At the end of the year 2008, Global Financial Crisis (GFC) had an adverse effect on the Canadian economy and it went into economic recession. In 2009, the country experienced fiscal deficit for the first clip in 12 years time. However the major banks in Canada have managed to recover for the ill set up of recession because of its tradition of having strong capitalization and lending practices which are highly conservative in nature. There has been a marginal growth of Canadian economy in the years 2010-20 11. By 2005 it is supposed to be able to balance its budget. The petroleum sector of the country is growing at a rapid whole tone because of the discovery of many new natural oil reserves in Canada. Canada is ranked in the third position in the world with regards to the volume of oil reserves present in the country (CIA, 2012). Financial Sector in Canada An Overview The financial services sector of Canadian economy consists of banks, loan companies, trusts, insurance companies, denotation unions, securities dealers, companies of mutual funds, leasing companies, insurance agents, financial advisors, different types

Case study of Tata Cross Culture analysis Essay

Case study of Tata Cross Culture analysis - Essay congresswomanSince being advertised in strongly positive terms as seedyest car of the world, it has been the idle prate around the world (Stokes, Wilson, & Mador, 2010). Significant people of large organisations have been driving in by verse all to take a look at the most outstanding work of creative engineering in the shape of Tata Nano. Nano is a new form of cars of this century which represents a philosophy of an investor who deliberately resolved to go against the prevailing wisdom of other investors of lighter, smaller, cheaper and signify a new age in cheap private transportation and with a possibility of becoming actual, oecumenic deadlock. The word Nano is derived from the Greek word Nanos which sum small in the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India which is also the language of the Tata Groups founders (Stokes, Wilson, & Mador, 2010). In 2003, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Ratan Tata, the vagabond to manufacture a car while keeping the price to one Lac rupees was started. The main aim of this Tata Nano plan was the demand and necessity of many families of India who could not afford 4 wheel cars instead utilized Motorbikes and bicycles for the purpose, and was grounded on the successful project of low cost four wheeled Ace truck by the company in whitethorn 2005 (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Companys Profile In 1945, Tata Motors was established. ... Among the 3 best companies in the segment of a vehicle carrying passengers, Tata Motors is also included. Tata Motors has manufactured several outstanding cars in good, compact and medium-size segment. It furnishes its services and products on a worldwide ground. Within India it offers 5 different categories of services and products namely trucks, commercial passenger carriers, passenger cars, defence vehicles, and utility vehicles. Why Tata Nano Is Important The Chairman of Tata Group perceived the thought be hind the Tata Nano, when he saw a four member family was travelling via motor scooter in rain. At that time the idea of Nano came in his mind and he desired to manufacture an automobile that could be safe, affordable and could be used in all weather condition (Byron, 2008). (Byron, 2008) This desire of Mr. Ratan Tata emerged as the most inspirational plan of Tata motors bank time when the Chairman of Tata Group Mr Ratan Tata stated his thought of Tata Nano to Mr. Ravi Kant, his managing director. From his managing experience Mr. Ravi Kant had discovered that citizens desire to switch from 2 wheelers vehicle to 4 wheelers vehicles but they have not got enough money for it. Automobile assiduity of India has an average growth rate of twelve percent for the past decade. Despite that this industry sold only 1.3 jillion vehicles for passengers in the financial year ending on March 2006. This shows that a billion of peoples of India secure approximately the equal quantity of cars in a year as three hundred million peoples of US purchase in a period of month. However, this situation could be changed only when the cost of 4 wheels vehicle could be lowered to the extent that

Satisfy job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Satisfy trade - Essay ExampleYou end up doing the equal thing over again and again, and it eventually makes you worldly about your job. As a result, your interest in the job starts to disappear and you feel that you cannot be on that point anymore. While money is a major contributor to job satisfaction, there are many another(prenominal) things that are of similar importance.For many people the main purpose of wreak is to earn money. It is difficult to guess life without money, because everything has its own exchange value which money is needed to pay. Payday is the happiest of days in these acidifyers calendars. People realise remuneration for the time and effort dedicated to their work. Moreover, it becomes even more pleasant if there is a pension for good performance or for the amount of work done, as then at least a person can feel appreciated. If a person runs their own business, they are oftentimes satisfied with their work if it has regular profit. If people are paid less than what they think they can get, it makes them upset with their work and discourages their want for better performance. For instance, my friends coworker always complains about her pay, which is not equal to her ten years of working(a) experience and professional performance. No matter how well and how fast she can finish her duties, she still gets the same amount of salary. As a result, she becomes lazy on the job. She takes personal phone calls during work hours, and she even erst stayed in the bathroom doing her nail polish until everyone could smell the chemical odor from the paint. It is all because she barely gets her salary increased and never receives a bonus for good performance. It is true that a person is not felicitous when they do not have what they deserve. That is why people who get more money at work are usually more satisfied.The situation is made even worse if no opportunity for a

The Influence of Religion on the First Amendment Research Paper

The Influence of Religion on the First Amendment - Research cover ExampleIt is sufficiently practical to start this research work by first understanding the indepth meat of some of the vital concepts that leave behind form the basis of this paper. Democracy is whizz key concept that will be used and its definition is as follows It is a organisation integrated into governance/governments where citizens come in unison to determine the appropriate public policies, laws, and more so, what the deem fit and justifiable in compliments to their states actions . In observation, democracy can be termed as the degree to which a given government system comes close to achieving this nonesuchistic foundation. A political system that comes close or in approximation internalizes the ideal democracy is termed to as a democracy. While there exists no unanimously acknowledged description of the concept democracy, free will and fairness draw been widely acknowledged as coercive and unique char acteristics of democracy. These doctrines argon mirrored in the general populace being equal in the eye of the established laws and boast equal admittance to related governmental processes. For instance, the types of freedom enjoyed by the populace are protected by the widely recognized and legitimized liberties and rights which are by and large constitutionally protected. (Alexis de Tocqueville, 1999). Religion is a concept defined as an anthology of cultural arrangements, convictional structures, and accepted worldviews that institute symbols that link up spirituality to humankind and in most instances, to values considered moral. The word piety varies from personal conviction because it portrays public aspect (Dahl, 1998). Religions have structured manners and structures that include clerical command and leadership chains which amount to constitution of adhering members, temporalty congregations, and standardized meetings of worship and rituals. The Establishment clause comp rises the American constitutions First Amendment and affirms that the American relative shall in no manner make law or decree relating to religion institution (Somer, 2000). The brass clause has in the main been taken to mean prohibition of 1). the institution/formation of a across the country binding religion by the American congress serving at any given time, or 2). the inclination by the any serving American government to prefer any kind of religion over others/another (Farish, 1998). The former approach/interpretation is called the no aid or separation interpretation. The last mentioned interpretation/approach is labeled the accommodation or the non-preferential interpretation. Jointly, with the Religious immunity Clause, (Free Exercise Clause), the two constitute the First Amendment religion clauses. The accommodation constitutional interpretation forbids any sitting American Congress from fancying one religious establishment over others (Cohen, 1998). It however does not b ar the existing governments admission into the religious field of operations to craft adjustments with the purposeful aim of achieving the rationale of the related Free Exercise Clause. The Free Exercise Clause disallows any sitting governments intrusion into religion even if the meddling is utterly impromptu (Inglehart, 1997). In case the interference is deemed deliberate, the accommodation law will definitely conflict with the Religious Freedom Clause/Free Exercise Clause. In case the intrusion is inadvertent, the law will be steady upheld provided that the law

Review of a presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Review of a presentation - audition ExampleThe progress in the identification and discovery of the lupus unhealthiness has paved the way for immunology application in its study thus making the foundation for its current treatment. The ailment has sh suffer uneven prevalence interns of race and gender. It is more than prevalent in black American women their white counterparts. Lupus is classified in to five references where each type presents diametrical signs and symptoms and causes. This type includes Discoid lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, drug-induced lupus, neonatal lupus and SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus. The real cause of lupus has non been established yet. This is so due to the many factors that are contributed with the real education of and diagnosis of the disease. Currently, there is no single specific test for the disease and it can last some time before it is established. These calls for several(prenominal) tests to establish the disease like Medical history, Blood tests, ANA test, Skin Biopsy and Kidney biopsy. The disease manifest itself in different symptoms like pain or swelling in joints, muscle pain, fever with no known cause, flushed rashes, most often on the face, chest pain when taking a deep breath among others. The disease is believed to be caused by epigenetic factors, which are demonstrated by a study of a set of chemical substance reactions that switch part of the genome on and off at a strategic location and time. Lastly, the re is no cure for the disease but the most applicable treatments aims at treating the symptoms. Evaluation History of lupus The history of lupus disease can be split in three broad periods Classical era- this period is dated hold up in the 13th century where the name of the disease was coined. Several physicians gave the disease different names depending on their own thoughts and presentation of the disease. Example of these physicians was Rogerius in 13th century who coined the name lupus describing the facial lesions caused by the disease. classical Era- this period began back in 1872, and it was marked by description of the diseases dissemination manifestations by Osler. Modern era- this was marked by the discovery of LE cells in1948 in the bone marrow of patients with acute disseminated lupus erythematosus by Hargraves and his colleagues. This was followed by the discovery of immunology of the disease by Moore in 1950s and systematic occurrence of the disease in patients by Arnett and Shulman in 1954. Epidemiology The disease has shown prevalence of 20 to 150 cases per 1000,000 people. Its prevalence is more in African American Women compared to their white counter part at 164 and 406 respectively situation which has tripled for the last forty years. The prevalence of the disease is highly exhibited in women due to their estrogen hormones aged 20-45 years of age. Lupus disease is highly prevalence in Asians, Afro- Americans, Afro-Caribbean a nd Hispanic Americans. Classification Lupus disease is classified in to five types where each type has its own specific cause. 1. Discoid lupus erythematosus which result in scar causing whittle lesion and can lead to the development of SLE. 2. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Mostly commonly in women aged 15-40 years of age manifested inform of skin lesions. 3. Drug-induced lupus which is cause by continuous use of specific drugs like procainamide and guanidine. 4. Neonatal lupus. It is passed from the mothers and appears as skin rashes

CASE STUDIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CASE STUDIES - Essay Examplegement and the board of directors is century% male, since Panera is offering a healthier option for food, they could be helped by having female and minority members of the board as well as in the management team to provide a better corporate image.3. inauguration restaurants in other countries with an aggressive growth strategy would require a flood of marketing two in terms of awareness of well food (where such awareness is not already present) and establishing their taint identity.4. The restaurant I went to seemed too dark and gloomy. Even though there were colorful signs at bundle of places, the lack of light made an overall depressing setting. I would suggest that they make use of inwrought light in the interior and bring the interiors with their unique selling top of healthy food and healthy lifestyles.1. From the case, it seems obvious that the key competency required would be excellent communions skills which can get the point across the t able as well as across the border. Secondly, cultural competency and an ability to subject field with peoples of different cultures are also important. Finally, since a culture may not be as socially advanced, it could be towards the benefit of the company to use a male representative instead of a female if both of them are equally suited for the job at hand.2. The only cost of not arrest diversity is profit, which is something no company can afford to lose. If the plant had been developed and run with an understanding of diversity, the communication problems and the cultural clashes could certainly be minimized and the lost production time could have been turned into moneymaking output.3. The first problem she faced was stereotyping, just because she was Mexican American it was assumed that she could work with Mexicans better than anyone else. The moment problem was the cultural gap with the Mexicans and communication issues with the Americans. She also faced problems with Mexi can men accepting her as the

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol EssayChildren went to work as soon as they could in the industrial revolution if they were of the working class community. legion(predicate) children never got an education, which Dickens believed was the alone behavior out of poverty. There was little to do for leisure, and what was available was except re totallyy affordable for the complete, so the only affordable pleasure for the poor was sex, moreover as contraception wasnt available then, on that point was a actually high birth rate resulting in thousands of children ending up in poverty. In 1839 almost one-half of the people who died in the UK were children under the age of ten.This was probably due to poor housing, too little nutriment and accidents at work. If you failed to pay your bills in the Victorian era you were sent to a debtors prison or your family went to a workhouse where they would probably be split up. Then in that respect was a greater gap between the privileged and the poor. T he rich knew very little about poverty and destitution and, in my opinion, thought themselves superior to the poor. Many people from the countryside went to the cities to find jobs but many resistd in cheap accommodation with no running water or toilet.There werent any bin men so rubbish was thrown out onto the streets make various diseases which was another condition for a high death rate. A Christmas Carol is about a tight-fisted, money-obsessed man called Ebenezer skinflint. It begins with scrooges long-term business partner, Jacob Marleys funeral. S until now years later on Christmas Eve the sign above Scrooges office still read Marley and Scrooge. Scrooges nephew visited him in his office and was full of Christmas olfactory property, he invited Scrooge to Christmas dinner.Scrooge called Christmas dribble and couldnt understand what he had to be merry about, What right gull you to be merry? What reason view you to be merry? Youre poor enough. This is a fine example of how Scrooge only thinks of money and aught else. As Scrooges nephew walked out, two charity workers came in. They asked him how much they could put him down to give to charity, Scrooge replied Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses? The charity workers told him many would rather die. Scrooge then express coldly, If they would rather die, they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. This points how cold-hearted Scrooge is. Bob Cratchet, Scrooges clarke, asked if he may withstand Christmas Day off but Scrooge was very reluctant to allow it. A poor free for picking a mans pocket every twenty-fifth of December But he eventually gave him the daylight off. This being yet another example of how Scrooge is so money-obsessed. After that, Scrooge went home. As he was opening his front door a spirit appeared in the doorknocker, then disappeared. The alike happened again but on his bedroom door handle. When he got into his bedroom he locked the door.Later, as h e was eating his gruel, bells started to ring, the locks on the door opened and Marleys tactile sensation appeared. He looked the same except for a few things. The chain he drew was clasped around his middle. It was long, and wound about him like a tail, and it was made (for Scrooge observed it closely) of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers and whole caboodle and heavy wrought steel. Marley warned Scrooge that three weirdies would haunt him. ghosts of Christmas past, present and future. And that listening to them was the only hope of escaping the same fate as Marley.When the bell tolled one, the ghost of Christmas past visited Scrooge and took him back off to his old school where he spent a depressing Christmas. The spirit also showed him a Christmas party at where he apply to be an apprentice, Scrooge saw himself enjoying Christmas. Afterwards he was taken to see the breakup of him and his only love, Belle. The reason for the breakup was that she believed Scrooge loved money more than her. The following night at the same time, the ghost of Christmas present visited Scrooge and showed him people in debtors prisons enjoying Christmas.He also viewed his nephews Christmas dinner he saw him and all his guests enjoying it. Then he was taken to Bob Cratchets house and was shown his family enjoying a very meager Christmas dinner. Then the spirit predicted if the future events dont change then Tiny Tim, Bobs son whom is crippled, will die. Scrooge was then taken back to his own house but just before the spirit died it uttered these words, Are there no prisons? said the spirit, turning on him for the last time with his own words, Are there no workhouses? This panicky Scrooge and made him realise how selfish hed been.On the last stroke of midnight the last ghost visited him. The ghost of Christmas future showed him a man who died. The mans business associates showed not one drop of remorse for his death and would only attend the funeral if there was free food on offer. Scrooge was then shown a chairwoman, laundress and funeral undertaker stealing the mans possessions and selling them. Scrooge was then taken to the grave of the man who died, Scrooge crept towards it, trembling as he went, and following the finger, read upon the stone of the poor neglected grave his own name, Ebenezer Scrooge. This is the darkest point deep down the story, the tension builds up into desperation as Scrooge confronts his potential death and sees his life for the waste it could be if he didnt mend his ways. The next morning Scrooge awakes to find himself still alive and he is ecstatic. The inaugural person he saw was a young boy and he got him to buy him the prize washout in the butchers and got the butcher to deliver it to Bob Cratchets house anonymously. As Scrooge walked the streets in a prosperous manner he bumped into the two charity workers and made a big donation.He then went to his nephews Christmas dinner and the next day he gave Bob Cratchet a pay rise and promised to help his struggling family. Ebenezer Scrooge represents the affluent community of the Victorian era that Charles Dickens despised. Scrooge is the protagonist in A Christmas Carol. Scrooge only cares about money, but he is so obsessed that he never spends any, just counts it. His genius is miserly, selfish and self-centred. If he had his way Christmas would be banned as he believes there is no pelf or gain in it, just a waste of time when he could be devising money.This is how Dickens describes Scrooge External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No love could warm him, no wintry weather chill him. When his business partner Jacob Marley died he didnt even show any emotion, he didnt even consider him a friend although they worked together for many years. He didnt even replace the sign that said Marley and Scrooge after seven years after Marleys death. Scrooge didnt have any friends, just business associates. A Christmas Carol has a typical mora l to it as there is a fight between good and evil where good triumphs.It also teaches people to be kind, considerate, live life to the full and be thankful for what theyve got. It also makes you think about the people in the poorer communities. The neighborly intent of A Christmas Carol is to try and educate the rich of the lives of the poor and destitute. Also to make the rich aware of their responsibility to the poor. A Christmas Carol is a good supernatural story as it has a good moral plot which teaches us many lessons which are still relevant today.

Psychiatry and control of human behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychiatry and control of humanity behavior EssayI.In place to create much(prenominal) a resolution and ordinarily to resolve an honest dilemma nurses use four constitutional honest principles of nursing complaint and practice, which argon considered by many experts as a cornerstone of ethical guidelines. self-relianceThe first one is autonomy. This principle means that individuals have a right to self-determination, that is, to make decisions about their lives without intercession from others (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). It is withal possible to define empirically that autonomy consists of two elements data acquired or proposed as a presupposition and reaching the decision as the action. BeneficenceThe second is beneficence. This principle is vista to be a tush of day-to-day nursing care and practice. The principle of beneficence and utilitarianism direct health care professionals to make an ethical decision to provide the maximum benefit and to minimize h arm to the greatest number of people winding (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4).Beauchamp and Childress (1994, p. 192) state that Each of tercet strainings of beneficence requires taking action by helping preventing harm, removing harm and promoting dear(p). (cited by Silva, M. and Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). This ethical principle may cause roughwhat ethical examinations when a dilemma regarding performing of a mentally poorly long- despicable ofs wishes appears.NonmaleficenceThe third fundamental ethical principle is nonmaleficence or do no harm, which is easily connected with the obligation of a nurse to defend safe keeping of the mentally sinister patient. innate(p) out of the Hippocratic Oath, this principle dictates that we do not cause injury to our mentally ghastly patients (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 6).juristThe fourth basic ethical principle is erectice. This principle implies giving each person or mathematical group what he/she or they are due (Si lva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 7). This principle applies to parity, integrity or another point that may be fundamental for the justice decision. In nursing care and practice the principle of justice usually centered on rightful admission to nursing care and on rightful allocation of unprecedented resource.Rightful admission to the care means that nurses are easy of access to provide nursing care and a mentally laid up(predicate) patient as well as any member of a society realizes that nursing care is completely accessible. The principle of justice guides health care professionals to treat both client with fairness and equity regardless the prognosis of illness, social and economic status of clients, the social and financial consequences impose on others (Wilcockson, M., 1999, p. 21).Though it is necessary to remember what actually has the priority if we payoff compare it with nurses good, a nurse sometimes mixes up with what the nurse considers to be a mentally ill patients good. It is questionable what composes good for a mentally ill patient without violating his or her autonomy or allowing the mentally ill patient to suffer bitterly. And can it be ethical to abolish the choice of the mentally ill patients.For example Beauchamp and Childress (1994, pp. 277-278) concord that paternalism can obtain two forms a weak and a sanitary one. They assert that weak form paternalism implies is that a nurse defends the mentally ill patients good when he or she is incapable to resolve some questions as a consequence of problems alike depression or the effect of medicaments. But a strong form of paternalism, they say involves interactions intended to benefit a person despite the fact that the persons risky choices and actions are informed, voluntary, and autonomous (cited by Silva, M. and Ludwick, R., 1999b, p.5).II.In the proposed case employment the old dame didnt print DNR order, thus, the nurse behaved just adequately. She remembered about her duty to a m entally ill patient to preserve her autonomy still it was no possibility for her and for her mentally ill patient to identifying and addressing problems in the decision-making process as the lady was too depressed. Her type of life was decreasing ad she couldnt live independently but it was still questionable were these reasons adequate nice to make end-of-life decision.On this ground it is necessary to investigate the effect of quality of life. This obscure notion implied the situations when decisions concerning the question of withdrawing nursing care are formed and based on the likely low levels of self-awareness, reasoning, communication and action that the mentally ill patient will have and the low probability of improvement (Thompson, E., Melia, K. M. and Boyd, K. M., 2001, p. 44). Usually it is not up to mentally ill patient to make quality-of-life decisions as they are often reached by doctors or relatives.In other words quality of life should be determined by mentally ill patients themselves being able to evaluate it adequately. The unproved understanding of notion is often used in statements like After all, we shouldnt waste any more money on this person because their quality of life will be so low, anyway (Hunt, G., 1994, p. 125)Considering the case study we may that the quality of life of the old lady was not so low as to bring to end-of-life solution. However it was up to the mentally ill patient to decide that problem independently as it was her right to create DNR order but she didnt do it, as well as her depressed state and, thus, low self-determination was among the main reasons for reasonable nurses acts.III.If we try to use these four fundamental ethical principles to the case study that was chosen for our investigation beforehand we will be able to evaluate the deeds of nurse from ethical point of view. For example, it is clearly evident that nurse go against the principle of autonomy because autonomy of a mentally ill patient means the opportunity to make decisions about his or her life without interference of others. If taking into account this principle then it was up to a seventy three year old woman to decide either she needs to obtain emergency CPR or not. This principle was thus violated by the nurse, and the reasons for such behavior are not deciding in this matter.She might have ignored this principle basing on the other principles that prevent a nurse from doing harm, heart and soul to rescue the life of her mentally ill patient because human life is valuable and unique. But eyepatch the nurse deprived her mentally ill patient of the possibility to choose life or death, the nurse thus made herself responsible for this decision, which is evidently wrong. At least, the nurse should have noted that the mentally ill patient didnt want to be rescued.As for beneficence, we may suppose, on the other hand, that it was a inference of weak form of paternalism. In such case the nurse protected the good of a seventy three year old lady as she was incapable to resolve end-of-life questions as a result of her depression and decreasing of the quality of her life. Consequently the deeds of the nurse were well-interpreted and righteous.But the nature of the action is also ambivalent, as the nurse might have been directed by her own notion of good, or the notion that the nurse obtained while studying ethics. The nurse shouldnt have been define independently if the woman was rightfully unable to make reasonable decisions, the nurse must have at least objectively think the problems and conditions of the mentally ill patient that led to such mentally ill patients design.This thought may also be confirmed and at the same time called in question by the principle of nonmaleficence. The nurse protected the safety of her mentally ill patient, but without mentally ill patients wish. It is questionable, would be the note of DNR be regarded as the injury caused to the mentally ill patient. If the li fe and conditions of this old woman were so poor, they made her suffer the nurse must have take outn it into account while deciding what would be more or less painful for her mentally ill patient. This may be regarded as the intention to take off responsibility from the nurse.Observing the last principle of ethics, justice, it is necessary to note that this principle was violated by the nurse. Her mentally ill patient was at least due to be heard. Her wishes and demands should have been taken into consideration, moreover, the mentally ill patient did not ask to help her die, and she just wanted to prevent her from suffering in future.Thus taking into consideration these four main principles, the case seems to be contradictory. It seems that the nurse acted basing upon her own notion of what is good, safe and just for her mentally ill patient, without taking into account the demands, wishes, living conditions and problems of her mentally ill patient. Of course, definite peculiaritie s of these principles allow justifying the actions of the nurse, if we look at the situation form the point of view of value of human life.One more issue that should be examined is the absence of mentally ill patients order for DNR. This may also be a reason to justify the actions of the nurse. But as soon as the demands was heard by the nurse, the nurse should have defined this problems with the mentally ill patient and helped the woman write a necessary order, if it was her wish.Nurses often cant decide what their actual point of view about some ethical dilemmas is and how far those perceptions go. Anyway nurses should have to do with their own system of moral values but at the same time to determine whether it fits into the big picture (Stacey, J., 1998, p.8).It is necessary for a nurse to take a turn for the better foreshortening of problems and challenges in the area of care by forming at any place a bifocal view of the problems (Stacey, J., 1998, p.7)Of course, not all ethica l dilemmas concern death. Nurses deal with ethics on every eight-hour shift. for example, the nurse Code of Ethics says to hold all things confidential, but sometimes there is teaching others need to know, explains Freeman (cited by Stacey, J., 1998, p.4).However nurses often can appear in the situation of decide of a complex moral dilemma that regards an appeal for assisted death. This problem is one of the most heterogeneous issues in nursing practice. This question is also a key one in the case study that we have in some way already investigated earlier. Given the poor quality of life that 73 years old woman would probable suffer she demanded not to perform any heroic measures in the event of cardiac arrest. So she does not want to live anymore. But when the nurse sees the mentally ill patient next she is being resuscitated as there was no Do Not reanimate order (DNR) in her notes.Reference ListHunt, G. (1994) honest issues in nursing. Routledge.Silva, M. and Ludwick, R (1 999a). Ethical Thoughtfulness and Nursing Competency. Online ledger of Issues in Nursing, 10 December, 1999. Available from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_2.htm Accessed 17 February 2006Silva, M. and Ludwick, R. (1999b). Interstate Nursing confide and Regulation Ethical Issues for the 21st Century. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 2 July, 1999. Available from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_1.htm Accessed 14 February 2006Silva, M. and Ludwick, R. (2002). Ethical Grounding for Entry into Practice Respect, Collaboration, and Accountability. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 30 August, 2002. Available from http//www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_9.htm Accessed 14 February 2006Silva, M. Ludwick, R., (2003) Ethical Challenges in the Care of Elderly Person. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19 December, 2003. Available from http//nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_14.htm Accessed 15 February 2006Stacey J. (1998) A Question of Ethics. Emo ry Nursing Universityonline. Available from http//www.whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/en/ Accessed 17 February 2006Thompson, E., Melia, K. M. and Boyd, K. M. (2001) Nursing Ethics. 4th ed. n.p.Wilcockson, M. (1999) Issues of life and death. n.p.

Traditional Love VS Contemporary Love Essay Example for Free

Traditional revere VS Contemporary Love EssayLove refers to an ineffable and strong feeling towards an otherwise human being. It encompasses in truth many dissimilar feelings ranging from nonsexual feelings to passionate desire and intimacy associated with amorous have it away. Cancian (2000) explains that, Love has many forms which acts as main facilitator of social consanguinitys and because of its psychological importance, be fuckd is one of the mostly used theme in the creative arts. All that we take and see explains that romantic love is one of the greatest ideal, we all have to fall in love at one point and should stay in love. The traditional perspective on marriage and love was a very great sense of commitment, fidelity and loyalty bandage the contemporary love is honest of good feelings and emotional highs. Contemporary love is integral of romance which is a decorated or hyperbolize way of expressing love while the traditional love emphasized on legitim ate love which contained fidelity, loyalty and commitment.Romance and commitment really spice up a relationship but romance only when can not be defined as love since one can be very romantic with someone while their hearts and love argon very far. Cancian (2000) urges that, Others just get romantic with people of the opposite sex just to satisfy their sexual desires with no feelings of love to the partner. On the other hand, commitment is accompanied with love since there is no way one can decide to be loyal, faithful and committed to someone without that strong feeling of love. Faithfulness, loyalty and commitment are fruits of strong and true love but this doesnt mean romance is not important, it spices up a relationship. The modern romantic love is the personal freedom we have of expressing our feelings of love together with our feelings of how we would want the special person we love and accusation about feel us and see us. It is more of a modern touch to relationships and it is like an addiction. A relationship plumps more exciting if it has traditional love toped up with romantic love. Traditional love gives the posture aspect while the contemporary love gives the emotional aspect. Traditional love wins over contemporary love for being very solid, resilient and lasting, whereas contemporary love tends to last for a very short achievement of time as proved by many marriages in United states that has only lasted for a very short time.Romantic love is like fire which burns brightly for a short peak and then it goes off. It is very easy to be faithful, loyal and committed to a partner that you love which makes relationships found on traditional love permanent. However without romance love lacks taste and excitement and it just become a routine. It is therefore very important to keep a balance of the two because when one truly loves, respect, faithfulness, commitment and loyalty to the partner becomes the fruits of love and at the same time the elemen t of joy that is as a result of romance should be present. The human heart takes care of the contemporary love while the mind takes care of the traditional love. Love has no limits and is very free, one has only to give it liberally to others and will have more coming back. Both the traditional love and contemporary love are important because they compliment each other. Contemporary love gives the joy of being in a relationship while the traditional love gives fidelity, commitment and loyalty. For any relationship to last long and for it to be full of joy, both traditional and contemporary love should be emphasized.

Positive effects of video games Essay Example for Free

electro absolute aftermathuate of picture farinaceouss EssayNow I am no expert in the mind, unless in my research I drive home found that in that respect is several ship go offal that we can examine from playing moving picture games. Video games devour always been infamous for their anti-social aspect and the violence that is shown in them. They have been seen as negatively affecting the players in terms of need of social skills, inefficiency, obesity and laziness. We lack the honest view thus miss on the positive effects of impression games. The negativities brought in by film games argon due to the unrestricted duration for which they are played. Video games are popular among the squirtren and the y come forthh of America.If there is no limit to the time for which a child is only in allowed to play a video game or no supervision on the way in which the game is being played, the not-so-positive effects of video games go away start showing up. In the contrary case, video game players will start manifesting the positive effects of video games. Good video games incorporate good involveing principles. Why? If no one could collar these games, no one would buy them. Players will not accept easy, dumbed down, or short games. Challenge and skill are a large part of what makes good video games motivating and entertaining.First of all a gamer can learn identity. No nurture happens unless gamers make a payload. Learning a rising area, whether it be physics or medicine, requires the learner to take on a new identity to make a commitment to see and value work and the world in the ways in which good physicists or doctors do. Good video games capture the player through identity. Players are either given a potently formed and appealing character, such(prenominal) as Master Chief in the Halo series or they lead off to build a character from the ground up, as in Fallout 3.Either way, players pass committed to the new virtual world in which they will live, learn, and act through their commitment to their new identity (Gee 4). When playing video games, gamers can learn how to interact. In fact, nothing happens until a player acts and makes decisions. wherefore the game reacts back, giving the player feedback and new problems. In a good game, words and actions are all placed in the context of an interactive relationship between the player and the world. (Gee 5). Players are producers, not only consumers.Even at the simplest level, players co-design games by the actions they take and the decisions they make. An open-ended game like Fallout 3 is, by the end, a different game for severally player. In a massive-multi-player game like World of WarCraft thousands of wad create different virtual careers through their own unique choices in a world they dispense with apiece other. Also many games come with versions of the software with which they are made and players can modify them. much(prenominal) modifications range from bu ilding new skate parks in Tony Hawk or new scenarios in Age of Mythology to building whole new games.Players help write the worlds they live in. Players learn how to take risks and sway resources. Good video games lower the consequences of failure. If this happens then the players are encouraged to take risks, explore, and try new things. In fact, in a game, failure is a good thing. When facing a boss, the gamer uses initial failures as ways to find the bosss pattern and look for a weakness. Also, especially with strategy games, player obtain resources at given intervals and moldiness save and spend them wisely to reach his ultimate goal.This involves abilities of resource oversight and testing. A player can learn to recognize the fibers of situations and react to them with determination. He can similarly learn to map the virtual world scenarios to those in the factual world. Players can usually, in one way or another, customize a game to fit with their learning and playing st yles. Games often have different encumbrance levels and many good games allow players to solve problems in different ways. In a role-playing game, the distinctive attributes each player chooses for his or her character determines how the game will be played.Players can even try out new styles, thanks to the risk taking principle above. Research has shown that when learners are left free to float in a multifactorial problem space they tend to hit on creative solutions to complex problems. In good video games, the problems players face are ordered so that the earlier ones build a foundation so that later players can be presented with more, harder problems. It matters how the problems are organized, this is why games have levels. Good games turn players a set of challenging problems.Then, when the players have got it figured out the game throws a new type of problem at the players (sometimes this is called a boss), requiring them to rethink their now taken-for-granted mastery, lear n something new, and integrate this new learning with their old mastery. In time, this new mastery is reinforcedA game can create an accomplished feeling by being pleasantly frustrating. Thanks to many of the above principles, good games stay within, but at the outmost edge, of the players comfort level.That is, the game feels doable, but challenging. This is a highly motivating state for learners because it can feel rewarding beating the level or the boss that the player fails at a some times. Games encourage players to think about relationships, not isolated events, facts, and skills. In a game like pudding stone Total War, for instance, players need to think of how each action taken might impact on their prox actions and the actions of the other players playing against them as they each move their civilizations through the Ages.In a massive multi-player game like World of WarCraft, players must think of the consequences, good or bad, of their actions not only on all aspects o f the game world, but on lots of other players as well. In our complex, global world, such establishment thinking is crucial for everyone. When players play a multi-player game like World of WarCraft, they often play in teams, in which each player has a different set of skills (say a Mage, a Warrior, or Druid). Players must each master their own specialty, since a Mage plays differently than a Warrior, but players learn to use each others strengths to minimize weaknesses.Furthermore, in such teams, people are allied by their commitment to a common goal, not primarily by their race, class, ethnicity, or gender. Players can play before they are experienced, supported by the design of the game, the help the game offers, and often, too, the support of other, more advanced players (in multi-player games, in confab rooms, or standing there in the living room). A very important positive effect of video games is the improvement of hand-eye coordination. A player has to watch on screen whi le simultaneously in operation(p) the joystick of the device in his hand to make moves.This requires the player to be alert and well coordinated. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Rochester found that people who play fast-paced action video games have ameliorate visual and reaction skills when compared to those who dont play. According to the study, people who played such video games were able to interrupt track objects appearing simultaneously, and processed fast-changing visual information more efficiently. To help ensure the validity of the study, researchers similarly looked at people who did not normally play video games, trained them to play, and then looked at the results.This group, too, showed improved visual capabilities. The games the non-players were trained on were Medal of Honor and Tetris. Those who played Medal of Honor scored better on the visual tests than those who did not. The findings indicate that video game training for people who requi re improved visual skills, such as soldiers or teenagers preparing to drive, would be successful. In a study conducted in 2004 by Butch Rosser, a surgeon of Laparoscopy, he studied the surgical skills of surgeons playing video games and surgeons who did not.It was astonishing to know from the results that surgeons playing video games were faster in action and made lesser mistakes during work than those who did not play video games. Children with problems with attention, lack of self-confidence, or who are picked on are often helped by the gaming experience. Video games have also been included in the therapy for children with such psychological problems. Children that see themselves as failures receive benefit from playing video games, because they can provide the player with a sense of participation success.In playing video games, a child gets a sense of participation, a sense of achievement, thus building his self-confidence. Children, after playing video games begin to feel excite d about their lives, they start feeling positive and enthusiastic. This enables them to defeat their psychological disorders to a certain extent. And video games give children a chance to share their expertise and skills with their parents. This can give the child a boost of self-confidence when he gets to teach his parents something that he learned.Playing video games involves problem solving, planning, thought and analysis of the moves or actions of both you and your opponent. This affects the player positively by developing in his problem-solving skills, analytical and esteem skills and quick decision-making. Video games give the means to channel ones emotions in a positive way. Anger, hatred and such other negative feelings in a persons mind get a chance to come forth by way of a game instead of real life. A player can shoot or beat up enemies with satisfying results that gets rid of evoke that might have built up inside them.

Oil and Global Warming in Saudi Arabia Essay Example for Free

anele and orbiculate heat in Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabia Essay cover has been set as a truly crucial pick it provides a lot of earthshaking benefits to mankind. It is apply for numerous purposes such as sendation, heating, electricity end product, and industrial applications. It has a high energy density which makes it an efficient fuel source plus the occurrence that it is fairly idle to transport and store. Its versatility is of great vastness, and this is proven by beingness by most valuable commodity in world change over (ORourke Connolly, 2003,). According to Doyle, it is estimated that two cardinal dollars switch hands in petroleum transactions, qualification it the worlds first trillion dollar industry (cited in ORourke Connolly, 2003). petroleum is very profitable for corporations as well as for g whole overnments since fogy joust anoint taxes generate a lot of income. fossil oil is important for the topic eco nomic viability of Saudi Arabia as it accounts for more(prenominal) than 80 percent of total national exports. opposite countries that atomic number 18 dependent on the anele business are Libya, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela (ORourke Connolly, 2003).Environmental Effects of Oil Oil transport, refining, exploration, boring, and fall put one across had negative effects on the surroundings, hardly much attention has recently been think on the negative environmental impacts of the use of petroleum colour. It is widely believed that burning fossil fuels contribute to global heating since coke dioxide, an abundant greenhouse fluid, is produced as anele is burned. Findings of the Interpolitical scienceal Panel on Climate Change manoeuver that around three quarters of total hundred dioxide ventings come from fossil fuel use (ORourke Connolly, 2003).To be able to fully understand the how crude use affects global heating system, it is necessary to bring on a must(preno minal)er unwrap understanding of the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Imagine a greenhouse and that is comely how the greenhouse effect works. Greenhouse gases such as light speed dioxide, water vapor, methane, and ozone trap heat thereby slowing its escape from the atmosphere. The dramatic summation in the release of greenhouse gases has brought about an abnormal increase in the average world temperature already estimated at around 1 percent at the twist of the century.However, without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold to sustain the sooner long thriving ecosystems (West, 2008b). Due to the fact that rock oil is a widely used resource and that oil produces signifi arseho permit hail of moneys of carbon dioxide as it generates around 30 percent more carbon dioxide from every unit of energy produced, it can be inferred that habituation on oil has extensively contributed to global calefacient (Barry Frankland, 2001, p. 3 62). Importance of Oil to Saudi Arabia In exclusively reveals of the world, oil is con typefacered as an important resource especially in modern life.Any measures to deoxidise oil consumption were hampered by major powerful opposition of certain governments and inter-governmental organizations (Barry Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Oil is particularly of great importance especially to members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since it constitutes a great part of the income of member countries. Saudi Arabia is a member of the OPEC including Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, joined Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.Saudi Arabia may be considered as the most important oil producer since it produces vauntingly amounts of oil as it accounts for 13 percent of the worlds total oil output. It makes up 35 percent of the OPECs total oil production in 1991. Saudi Arabia has withal been identified as the swing producer of oil sinc e it has the capacity to affect the level of deliver and demand as well as affect multinational oil prices. Oil is important to Saudi Arabian miserliness as figures in 1991 pointed out that oil accounted for 73 percent of the provinces revenues.90 percent of total oil exports in 1991 come from Saudi Aramco (Country Studies). However, data from Beyond Petroleum Statistical check over of World Energy shows that despite the knowledge of the implication of oil in global warming, the consumption soundless increasedthe 3163. 5 million tonnes wared in 1992 jumped to 3462. 4 in 1999 (Beyond Petroleum, 2008). Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change in spite of the great number of proponents pointing to global warming as a real environmental threat, Idso and Idso (2008) indicate that it is extremely un same(p)ly that increases in carbon dioxide emissions allow lead to global warming.They cited numerous arguments that would disestablish the link surrounded by the global warming and greenh ouse gas emissions. They primarily indicated that there is a weak short-term correlation coefficient between carbon dioxide and temperature increase. Thus, the emissions may non be the likely gravel of both warming that is being see or leave alone be experienced. Even as both temperature and carbon dioxide emissions grow increased, this does not necessarily mean that the two are inter link up.To identify a clear causal relationship, the presumed cause must precede the presumed effect. Several cycles of increase and decrease must also be present in coif to make a concrete judgment that the two factors indeed affect each different. They also indicated that a strong negative climatic feedback will obstruct any catastrophic warming from manifesting. These play a major role in the planets humour system but are wholly ignored by scientists lobbying for the existence of global warming.They cited numerous other factors that would disprove the existence of global warming. II. Saud i Arabia The Oil Industry The Saudi Arabia landscape is characterized by the presence of almost(prenominal) multi-million dollars worth of infrastructure created to develop a bun in the oven the oil production capability of the outlandish. These infrastructures are costly investments made by different companies. The effort to fill the emission of carbon dioxide from oil manufacturing and processing sources has different impacts, particularly in economics.Another important thin concerns taxes and duties on oil products consumed in oil-importing countries as well as environmental taxes and duties on emissions of carbon dioxide, aimed at curbing oil demand and latently harming oil exporters revenues (Noreng, 2006, p. 16). Oil production felt a decline. In 2002, daily oil production in Saudi Arabia was 8,928 molar concentration set, and this steadily climbed to 11,114 thousand barrels in 2005. However, this dropped to 10,853 and 10,413 thousand barrels in 2006 and 2007, respe ctively.Last year, Saudi Arabias total oil output dropped by 440,000 barrels per day and is the bigheartedst decline in the world last year. In addition, the on the whole of the Middle eastern hemisphere produced 25,176 thousand barrels daily in 2007. The Middle East is also the worlds largest oil producer and holds the highest share in the worlds re principal(prenominal)ing oil reserves at 21. 3 percent with 264. 2 thousand million barrels. In measuring oil consumption, Saudi Arabia does not consume as much with 2,154 thousand barrels daily. The United States is the largest oil consumer with a consumption rate 20,698 thousand barrels per day (Beyond Petroleum BP, 2008).Saudi Aramco and the Environment Saudi Aramco or Arabian-American Oil Company, which is based in Saudi Arabia, is the world largest oil company. It produces the most quantity of oil and also leads the count with its oil reserves. It has 102 oil and gas fields within its grasp as of the middle part of 2007. Its oil reserves amount to 259. 9 billion barrels and it produces 8. 9 million barrels per day. Its oil exports for the year 2006 amount to 2,541,692,569 barrels (Country Studies, 2008). Saudi Aramco has unveiled that it would service of process fight global warming through cutting carbon dioxide emission in the oil and gas business.Experts indicated that persuading Saudi Aramco to fight against global warming is a big criterion forward since it is the worlds largest oil producer. Saudi Aramco president and Chief Executive Officer Abdallah Jumah told a panel from 163 nations in a light uponing in Germany about expanding the Kyoto communications protocol that the petroleum industry should alertly engage in policy debate on mode alteration as well as play an active role in underdeveloped and implementing carbon management technologies (Hammond, 2006, n. p. ). He clearly indicated that national oil players such as Saudi Aramco can make great contributions in forwarding anti-climate cha nge efforts.During the meeting, Robert Socolow from Princeton University also indicated that 40 percent of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions comes from the oil industry. He also indicated that the oil industry is the major cause of global warming. Aramco officials also stated that research and development effort have already leaned towards removing or reducing carbon dioxide omissions coming from oil (Hammond, 2006). Saudi Aramco has verbalized that it lots for the environment such that it has an Environment Protection Department that provides leadership on environmental issues and its operations are ever so environmentally responsible.Saudi Aramco considers the environment as a basic responsibility and a company commitment. The company has authentic a admixture of operational requirement that give consideration to environmental impacts such as strong codes, project environmental assessments, air and water quality standards, occupational health regulations, hazardous ma terial colloquy guidelines, waste management procedures, and vital oil spill contingency plans (Saudi Aramco, 2008). The Environmental Impacts of Oil Oil has always been an environmental issue.From searching for oil, refining it and until its usage, it is always regarded as an environmental threat. Oil exploration and drilling are the first phases in the oil life cycle. It is also referred to as the upstream phase (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p. 593). Drilling and extracting oil affect the natural ecosystems, clement health, as well as local cultures. It does not matter if the drilling is on-shore or off-shore the effects are just the same. The physical modifications in the environment caused by oil exploration, drilling, and extraction are so devastating that they could be more harmful than a large oil spill.The more devastating effects of these are deforestation, ecosystem destruction, chemical contamination of land and water, long-term harm to animal populations (particularly to m igrant birds and marine mammals), human health, safety risks for neighboring communities and oil industry workers, and displacement of indigenous communities (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p. 593-594). Oil exploration requires heavy equipment, and moving these equipment results in deforestation and erosion. Mobile rigs used for temporary drillings can reach weights of over two million pounds.On the other hand, drillings make use of large amounts of water and also pollute it in the process. It is released afterwards which leads to the contamination of land. Exploration and extraction have also been known to produce large volumes of drilling wastes and associated wastes. In addition, oil processes make use of a waste pit where chemicals and other wastes from the oil process are being dumped. Exposure of these oil pits is a threat to aquifers as well as to animals and birds. They can mistake the pits for water holes, therefore engorging themselves in chemical waste.Exploration, drilling, a nd extraction also lead to a variety of health risks for humans. These risks may arise from radioactive materials that have surfaced from drilling as well as the bioaccumulation of oil, mercury, and other hazardous elements in animals that are consumed by humans (ORourke Connolly, 2003). Oil Spill Threat In order for oil to be delivered to different parts of the world, oil transport is necessary, and the main mode of oil transport is through oil tankers. However, moving oil using pipelines is becoming vastly popular.Oil currently accounts for half of all sea cargo and oil pipelines now spread more compared to railroads. Oil transport has also led to an environmental threat known as oil spills. Large oil spills ask over much attention particularly because of media coverage however, depleted cumulative spills go undocumented and measuring the amount of oil spillage from these proves to be significant. Accidents have been known to occur at all segments of transport as well as at eac h point of transfer. Also, since the 1960s, at least one large-scale oil spill has been documented every year (ORourke Connolly, 2003). maritime transport of crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 3,000 gallons spilled per billion ton-miles in 1983 and nearly 8,000 gallons per billion ton-miles in 1984. Pipeline spills contributed less than 100 gallons per billion ton-miles for both years. (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p. 599) Oil spills have also been known to occur during extractions. A 2002 estimate by the National Academy of Sciences indicated that 38,000 haemorrhoid of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil and gas operations were released into the worlds oceans (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p.595). Saudi Aramco Oil Spill hap Plan Saudi Aramco has always been responsible in handling oil spills such that it has create a contingency plan against to help counter oil spills. Saudi Aramcos first focus on handling oil spills is being self-sufficient. It built specialized oil spill recov ery and containment vessels, and purchased equipment and materials to combat spills (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2). In 1989, it even designated a committee to review and assess the anti-oil spill capabilities of the company.The task force made recommendations which were called the Global Oil Spill Contingency Plan which (1) established an oil spill policy for the companys worldwide operations, (2) directed Saudi Aramco and its affiliates to join major reconcilings and assigned regional responsibility for oil spills and (3) required the development, execution of instrument, and maintenance of regional and owned tanker oil spill plans (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2-3). Saudi Aramco has also established an Oil Spill Committee in 1990 and this committee instituted a policy for the prevention and cleanup of oil spills resulting from the companys operations.The Global Oil Spill Coordination conclave was created to put into action and coordinate company activities that address the oil spills. If an oil sp ill takes place, a regional Oil Spill Coordinator cleans the oil spill with the aid of an Oil Spill Response Team. The director takes care of the spill and is responsible for safe and efficient control, cleanup operations, disposal, restoration, as well as documentation processes. The answer team is always ready as they receive special regular trainings (Zaindin, 1996, p. 3-4).Equipment that could effectively handle small to medium-sized oil spills have been stationed at the vicinity of the Red Sea and in case of any large oil spills, additional resources will be brought to immediately address the threat. Saudi Aramco has also inked ties with organizations that provide cooperative assistance in case of oil spill, namely, the Oil Spill Response (OSR) Ltd. based in England, pick Caribbean Cooperative (CCC), Marine Preservation Association (MPA), Marine Industry Repsonse Group (MIRG), and the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organization (GAOCMAO) (Zaindin, 1996, p.4). III. Involve ment Saudi Arabia and Japan Saudi Arabia has been involved in a lot of international treaties. One of these treaties was signed with Japan when both countries, among other things, acknowledged the importance of the constancy of the world oil market as well as the importance of adopting security measures against global warming (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the stability of the world oil market.The Japanese side expressed its appreciation and understanding for the Saudi Arabias balanced oil policy, which is a secure and reliable source for providing oil supplies to the international markets in general, and to the Japanese market in particularwhile stressing the significance to further stir bilateral cooperation in energy, based upon mutually complementary relationship between Saudi Arabia, with its largest hydrocarbon resource in the world, and Japan, with its advanced energy-related technologies.The Saudi side expressed its in tention to continue to assure stable oil supply to Japan, and the Japanese side expressed its appreciation for this (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides also decided that the international lodge should adopt appropriate measures against a possible global warming, based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities as stated in the international agreements on climate change.In this regard, the Japanese side expressed its willingness to develop its cooperation in both levels of government and private sectors to promote the clean development weapon (CDM) that contributes to combating the possible global warming as well as achieving sustainable developments in the res publica of Saudi Arabia. Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the roles of the private sectors in both countries for promoting CDM projects (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Saudi Arabia should use the power of the law, as well as submit to the rule of international la w, in order for efforts versus global warming to be successful.Law plays an important role in environmental encourageion at both the international and the national levels (Chopra, Leemans, Kumar, 2005, p. 41). However, a drawback to this concept is the fact that Saudi Arabia itself shows signs of not being fully amenable to the stipulations of several international agreements and international laws on global warming. Some OPEC countries (e. g. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) also opposed the FCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change) for fear of its potential impact on the price of crude oil (Alexander Fairbridge, 1999, p.637). The Clean channel Act and Addressing Global Warming The Clean Air Act is a law that has been passed by virtually countries in a hope to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have adopted such laws and even nigh third world countries have done so. Saudi Arabi a has yet to adopt such a law. In the United States, the Clean Air Act is a federal law which means that its coverage spans the whole country and it has been an effective tool in regulating greenhouse gas emissions.The Environment Protection spot (EPA) plays a crucial role in regulating processes regarding the law such as setting limits on certain air pollutants. The Clean Air Act which resulted in winced air pollution has amend human health as well as the status of the environment. Since 1970, the six common air pollutants have been reduced to 50 percent while air toxics from large industries including oil refineries have been reduced by 70 percent. Additionally, new cars are 90 percent cleaner and are expected to be a lot cleaner in the future. Ozone depleting chemicals such as CFCs have also ceased production.This all happened while the economy prospered and energy and vehicle use increased (EPA, 2008). The same benefits could possibly be reaped if Saudi Arabia would adopt the same policies. The 2007 Climate Change Performance Index indicated that Saudi Arabia is at the bottom of the sway when it comes to addressing global warming followed by the United States, China and Malaysia. Sweden, Britain and Denmark were identified as the countries that have been doing the most to prevent further global warming. Nevertheless, the report indicated that what Sweden, Britain and Denmark are doing are not enough to prevent further climate change. IV.Organizations Different organizations and alliances take part in addressing global warming, like the Kyoto Protocol and the WTO. While Saudi Arabia is an active international player, it is not always in agreement with the rest of the group. Referring to the act of non compliance to the Protocols instituted policies, Grosse (2005) stated that Saudi Arabia has been among the non-Annex I countries that have been particular to the Protocol (p. 155). The issue of subsidies favoring the coal, nuclear renewables sector has bee n embossed by Saudi Arabia in the WTOs Committee on Trade and Environment, according to Yamin and Depledge (2004, p.256), in reaction to the WTO policies. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is one doctrine that binds nations that have ratified it to help fight against global warming by reducing their emissions of six greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs and PFCs. It was instituted in Kyoto, Japan on December 1997 and was opened for ratification on March 16 of the succeeding year. The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5. 2 percent below the 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels from 2008 to 2012.Countries that have bound themselves to the protocol must adopt certain policies and strategies in order to meet the specified emission targets. However, the protocol has been subject to a lot of debate because it exempts developing countries, such as China and India as well as Saudi Arabia, from h aving emissions cuts. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol because of the exemption of the developing countries. US President George W. Bush also stated that they will not sign the protocol because it does not bind developing countries and that it would be harmful to the US economy (West, 2008a).Late in 2004, the government of Saudi Arabia has approved of the Kyoto Protocol, but being a developing country, Saudi Arabia is not bound to adopt any cuts on greenhouse emissions although it is expected that the Saudi Arabian government will suffer huge financial losses as the developed countries approve the protocol. According to Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi, the government will have accumulated losses amounting to $19 billion by 2010 because of the policies that the developed nations will adopt in order to reduce their emissions to meet the specified targets (Planet Ark, 2004).Carbon glamour and depot Carbon Capture and repositing (CCS) is one approach that scien tists are looking at which could probably help mitigate global warming. It has been regarded that CCS will reduce the costs associated with mitigating climate change as well as provide flexibility in attaining greenhouse gas reduction goals. CCS makes use of new technology. It collects and concentrates the carbon dioxide produced in industrial and energy related sources and transports it to a storage location where it will be kept away from the atmosphere.This would allow the use of fossil fuels such as oil with a minimum level of greenhouse emissions (Metz, Davidson, de Coninck, Loos, Meyer, 2005). Geological storage is one form of CCS. It is done by injecting carbon dioxide in dense form into rock formations underground. Porous rock formations have great potential in storing carbon dioxide. Such rock formations may include those that previously hold oil and natural gas. This kind of carbon storage is already being used in three industrial sites, namely, the Sleipnir swan in the North Sea, the Weyburn Project in Canada and the In Salah Project based in Nigeria.Moreover, 30 megatons of carbon dioxide per year is injected for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). This is mostly in Texas and the United States. This system of carbon capture and storage makes use of almost the same technology used for the exploration and production of gas (Metz, et al. , 2005). Geological storage may however be associated with some risks. efflux from stored carbon dioxide may provide certain risks which are classified as either global risks or local risks. Global risk is identified as the release of carbon dioxide which will have significant effects on global warming.On the other hand, carbon dioxide leakage may also soften humans, ecosystems and groundwater to certain risks. These are the local risks (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 1 shows an overview of geological storage. Annex 1 Overview of Geological Storage Another type of carbon storage is ocean storage. It is done by injecting ca ptured carbon dioxide at depths of great than 1,000 m. under the ocean. This would isolate the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for centuries. Consequently, the stored carbon dioxide will become part of the global carbon cycle.However, just like geological storage, ocean storage also has certain risks such that it can cause a great deal of harm. Studies have indicated that animals have been found with reduced rates of calcification, reproduction, growth, circulatory group O supply and mobility, and even an increased mortality rate. Annex 2 shows detailed information on Ocean Storage (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 2 Overview of Ocean Storage Mineral carbonation and industrial use is yet other form of carbon capture and storage.Mineral carbonation makes use of converting carbon dioxide into solid inorganic carbonates through some form of chemical reaction. Mineral carbonation is actually a natural earthly process called weathering but human intervention needs to hasten this process since it is too slow to become a viable carbon storage system. Industrial use involves using carbon dioxide directly or as a feedstock for production of various carbon-containing chemicals (IPCC, __, p. 39). Industrial use makes use of chemical and biological processes wherein carbon dioxide is utilized as a reactant.The industrial use of carbon dioxide can help keep carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by instead diverting it into a carbon chemical pool, but this measure will exactly be of great benefit to preventing climate change if there is a significant amount of carbon dioxide taken away from the atmosphere. Refer to Annex 3 for more detailed information (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 3 Mineral Carbonation and Industrial Use Saudi Arabia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have expressed place upright with the development of this technology. Norway also demonstrated great interest with Carbon Capture and Storage technology.Norwegian Oil and Energy Min ister Aaslaug Haga has requested the support of the Saudi Arabian government in the development of CCS to which Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi responded eagerly. Dagens Naeringsliv quoted al Naimi saying that both Saudi Arabia and Norway are concerned about the environment and want to reduce emissions with all possible means. CO2 capture and storage is an excellent way to reduce emissions (Acher, 2008, n. p. ). These countries want carbon capture technology included in the Clean Development Mechanism so that industrialized countries can cooperate to help advance this technology (Acher, 2008).According to the European Technology chopine on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants, it is the lack of funding which impales research on carbon capture which then limits its potential (Kanter, 2008). The King of Saudi Arabia announced that the Saudi Arabian government will shell out 300 million USD for research on climate change, and this includes Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Kuwai t, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates also made an assurance that each of them will be bragging(a) $cl million each tom support the Saudi Arabian endeavor (OPEC, 2007).Saudi Arabia shelling out that huge an amount of money for climate change research would indicate that the kingdom is now giving attention to climate change. The World Trade Organization Saudi Arabia is now also a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has recently signed a bilateral trade agreement with the United States. The trade agreement came at a good time since Saudi Arabian imports have experienced a decline. The WTO has become a sign of respect and acceptance for Saudi Arabia particularly because it is the only GCC country and the largest oil producer (Zahid, 2005).Saudi Arabia initially did not join GATT, the WTOs predecessor global trade agreement because oil, its sole export at the time, was not part of GATT (still not part of WTO). Later, as the Kingdom developed its downstream oil and petrochem ical capacity, joining WTO became a key imperative in order to protect its exports from inordinate tariffs by mature, high-cost producer countries. (Zahid, 2005) For new aspirants at the WTO, rules may be harsh such that they will need to sign bilateral agreements with any member country that requests it, and the terms will have to be extended to other member countries.Afterwards, a multilateral agreement should be inked with all member countries before being admitted into the WTO (Zahid, 2005). According to Zahid, the WTO had some negative impacts on Saudi Arabia but the WTO may be likened to a medicine. It is painful to swallow but it eventually makes you better (Zahid, 2005, n. p. ). In the short term, the WTO will hurt Saudi Arabia, but in the long run, the Saudi Arabian economy will prosper because of the WTO such that there will be increased transparency, protection of copyrights, rule of law, and foreign investment.Saudi Arabias exports will also have access to WTO member cou ntries (Zahid, 2005). The full impact of WTO will be a long and inflorescence story for the country. We still need to know the details of the final agreement. WTO has given other countries long implementation periods and many exceptions. Also, we have to see what the final Saudi offer is in terms of tariffs, sectors, binding rates, and so on With this report, we start a series on what the WTO means for Saudi Arabia. (Zahid, 2005) On one point of view, it is regarded that the WTO can enforce better greenhouse gas reductions compared to the Kyoto Protocol.Peter Franklin of the Guardian proposes the Negotiation of a successor to Kyoto and then let the WTO enforce it. Nations that failed to meet their carbon targets would have a proportionate tariff slapped on their imports. Such a system could even be used to deal with countries that refused to sign up to the new agreement. The WTO would unilaterally enforce a target on each non-signatory nation, with their excess carbon emissions a nd consequent penalties being assessed in absentia.The export-led economies of China, India and other key Kyoto absentees would be particularly susceptible to such pressure (Franklin, 2006). The Kyoto Protocol has no fangs and this could be change in by the WTO as those who do not approve of reducing greenhouse targets will have to suffer some consequences from the WTO. This could however be treated as a disrespect to a countrys sovereignty. In the long run, since the WTO would attract more foreign investment, foreign investments will also be encouraged in developing alternative, renewable energy solutions in Saudi Arabia.Consequently, CCS can thrive from a commercial point of view as the awareness of climate change would trigger interest in forwarding this technology for economic gains. The WTO system encourages a good government, which in turn will help in framing policies for increased participation in anti-climate change efforts. V. Problems and Solutions The planets worsening climate condition is partly the doing of the industrial cities in Saudi Arabia, from where carbon dioxide emissions from oil manufacturing and processing come from.The investment of Saudi Arabia in finding solutions for the problems posed by global warming is research and resources. Countries like Saudi Arabia allocate funds for studies. It focuses its studies on oil-related aspects of global warming management. It is important for countries to sponsor studies so that they can get first hand information about global warming and its implications. Nations should foster the continued development of these epistemic communities not only to stimulate new avenues of research, but also to help create greater opportunities for consensus expression and coordinated action (Lee, 1995, p. 14).In reducing carbon dioxide emissions coming from oil, there are a variety of methods that could be adopted. One is eliminating subsidies to prevent increase in consumption levels. Simply saving up on energ y use can help alleviate greenhouse emissions. Resorting to renewable energy sources provides great potential in dealing with this environmental threat since these renewable energy sources produce no amount of emissions whatsoever. For countries like Saud