Bastille Day :: essays research papers fc

"Bastille Day, on the Fourteenth of July, is the French symbol of the end of the Monarchy and the jump of the French Revolution" (www.hightowertrail.com). It is very much like freedom Day in the United States because it is a celebration of the beginning of a new throw of government.      There are several factors that led to the Revolution. King Louis XV and King Louis XVI both led extremely extravagant lives. They spent a stack of the governments specie on luxuries even while the government had both(prenominal) financial problems. One of the governments main jobs back then was to protect their country from, and manage wars. In the Seven Years War against Eng province, France spent large sums of money on the war effort but they still lost the war and had to give up their colonies in North America. Many French citizens regarded this loss as a major humiliation. The population was divided into three estates. The Third land, also known as the commoner s was made up of the bourgeoisie, wage earners and the peasantry. They were the majority of the population. The Second Estate was for the brilliance. The First Estate was composed of the clergy. The Upper Clergy were very wealthy and powerful and therefore they colligate to the First Estate. The Lower Clergy related more than to the Lower Estates. "The origin two states enjoyed privileges over the Third Estate. Although they were the richest, they were exempt from taxes. They were also the only members in society who could deal positions of importance such as Officers in the army" (www.members.aol.com). This caused capital discontent within the Third Estate.     In 18th Century the peasant population change magnitude dramatically. This growth in population increased the demand for more land. Land was being divided into smaller and smaller sections to cope with this problem. Eventually some sections of land were not even enough for a peasant to acc ept his own family. The wars in America left France in huge debt. To try and pay off this debt the nobility increased taxes on the peasants, which further increased their resentment towards the nobility. shortsighted harvests in 1787 and 1788 led to a food shortage. The peasants could barely feed themselves let alone pay taxes. The peasants started to threaten violence if their situation wasnt improved. There was an increased aspiration from British textile manufacturers. This left many people without jobs, and a huge increase in unemployment.Bastille Day essays research papers fc "Bastille Day, on the Fourteenth of July, is the French symbol of the end of the Monarchy and the beginning of the French Revolution" (www.hightowertrail.com). It is very much like Independence Day in the United States because it is a celebration of the beginning of a new form of government.      There are several factors that led to the Revolution. King Louis XV and King Louis XVI both led extremely extravagant lives. They spent a lot of the governments money on luxuries even while the government had some financial problems. One of the governments main jobs back then was to protect their country from, and manage wars. In the Seven Years War against England, France spent large sums of money on the war effort but they still lost the war and had to give up their colonies in North America. Many French citizens regarded this loss as a major humiliation. The population was divided into three estates. The Third Estate, also known as the commoners was made up of the bourgeoisie, wage earners and the peasantry. They were the majority of the population. The Second Estate was for the nobility. The First Estate was composed of the clergy. The Upper Clergy were very wealthy and powerful and therefore they related to the First Estate. The Lower Clergy related more to the Lower Estates. "The first two states enjoyed privileges over the Third Estate. Although they were the richest, they were exempt from taxes. They were also the only members in society who could hold positions of importance such as Officers in the army" (www.members.aol.com). This caused great discontent within the Third Estate.     In 18th Century the peasant population increased dramatically. This growth in population increased the demand for more land. Land was being divided into smaller and smaller sections to cope with this problem. Eventually some sections of land were not even enough for a peasant to support his own family. The wars in America left France in huge debt. To try and pay this debt the nobility increased taxes on the peasants, which further increased their resentment towards the nobility. Poor harvests in 1787 and 1788 led to a food shortage. The peasants could barely feed themselves let alone pay taxes. The peasants started to threaten violence if their situation wasnt improved. There was an increased competition from British t extile manufacturers. This left many people without jobs, and a huge increase in unemployment.

Nationalism and Sectionalism :: essays research papers

1. The three components of the the Statesn System were establishing a smart protective tax, starting a new transportation clay and restoring the national bank. Henry Clay thought that each of these components would strengthen and unify the nation because he thought the American dust would unite the nations economic resources because the conspiracy would grow food and raise animals that the north would eat and in return the south would by the make goods the north made. A new transportation system would allow trade among the north and the south. Now America could finally become independent economically. And the obligation would help because during the War of 1812 British merchants brought a great deal of products to the United States and sold them at oftentimes lower prices than American made goods, so the tariff would raise the prices of the British goods so the American merchants could sell their products at a lower price. 2. Female workers in Lowell, MA can be compared to slaves in the south in many ways but they are also very different. The conditions that the women in Lowell and slaves had to live in were very unsanitary and unbearable. The woman even tangle like slaves. They were constantly watched as were slaves and they were also forced to go to church. Unlike slaves they were paid, even though they were paid very little because they could do the work of a man but vanquish paid less, they still got paid. They had choices of what jobs to do where slaves were assigned to certain jobs. The women got some free time and even a 30 wink lunch break opus slaves had very little or no brakes at all. 3. While John Marshall was chief justice the imperious Court promoted the idea of nationalism. In the Supreme Court case Gibbons vs. Ogden help make certain that the federal government had power on pretty much everything crossing any body politic lines. Another case also supported the national government over the state government, it was McCulloch vs. M aryland. 4. Americas foreign form _or_ system of government followed and promoted the idea of nationalism between 1825 and 1825 by making a treaty with Great Britain to trim down the number of military fleets at the Great Lakes. in addition the Rush-Bagot Treaty made America and Canada remove all their troops from their shared border. John Adams also held the convention of 1818, which made a compromise with Britain to share the operating room territory.Nationalism and Sectionalism essays research papers 1. The three components of the American System were establishing a new protective tariff, starting a new transportation system and restoring the national bank. Henry Clay thought that each of these components would strengthen and unify the nation because he thought the American system would unite the nations economic resources because the south would grow food and raise animals that the north would eat and in return the south would by the manufactured goods the north made. A new transportation system would allow trade between the north and the south. Now America could finally become independent economically. And the tariff would help because during the War of 1812 British merchants brought a great deal of products to the United States and sold them at much lower prices than American made goods, so the tariff would raise the prices of the British goods so the American merchants could sell their products at a lower price. 2. Female workers in Lowell, MA can be compared to slaves in the south in many ways but they are also very different. The conditions that the women in Lowell and slaves had to live in were very unsanitary and unbearable. The woman even felt like slaves. They were constantly watched as were slaves and they were also forced to go to church. Unlike slaves they were paid, even though they were paid very little because they could do the work of a man but get paid less, they still got paid. They had choices of what jobs to do where slaves were as signed to certain jobs. The women got some free time and even a 30 minute lunch break while slaves had very little or no brakes at all. 3. While John Marshall was chief justice the Supreme Court promoted the idea of nationalism. In the Supreme Court case Gibbons vs. Ogden help make certain that the federal government had power on pretty much everything crossing any state lines. Another case also supported the national government over the state government, it was McCulloch vs. Maryland. 4. Americas foreign policy followed and promoted the idea of nationalism between 1825 and 1825 by making a treaty with Great Britain to trim down the number of military fleets at the Great Lakes. Also the Rush-Bagot Treaty made America and Canada remove all their troops from their shared border. John Adams also held the convention of 1818, which made a compromise with Britain to share the Oregon territory.

The Pitiful Ghost in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Litera

The Pitiful Ghost in Hamlet In Shakespeares tragic drama, Hamlet, there is one character who is different from all the others. He is a supernatural being a Ghost. His role is quite as important as anyone elses. This essay will be devoted to an explanation of this Ghost. Maynard Mack in The World of Hamlet elucidates the reader on how the Ghost introduces the problem of appearance versus reality The play begins with an appearance, an apparition, to use Marcellus term the ghost. And the ghost is somehow real, indeed the fomite of realities. Through its revelation, the glittering surface of Claudius court is pierced, and Hamlet comes to know, and we do, that the king is not only hateful to him but the murderer of his father, that his mother is guilty of adultery as well as incest. Yet there is a dilemma in the revelation. For possibly the apparition is an apparition, a devil who has assumed his fathers shape. (247) So there is considerable doubt regarding this spirit within the m ind of the protagonist until after the decisive action of the play when both Horatio and Hamlet witnessed Claudius reaction. W.H. Clemen in resourcefulness in Hamlet Reveals Character and Theme describes the pervasive influence which the Ghosts words have on the entire play Perusing the comment which the ghost of Hamlets father gives of his poisoning by Claudius (I,v) one cannot help being struck by the vividness with which the process of poisoning, the malicious facing pages of the disease, is portrayed Sleeping within my orchard, My custom always of the afternoon, Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole, With juice of cursed hebenon in a vial, And ... ...o Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts give of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Li terature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 190721 New York Bartleby.com, 2000 http//www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the complaint of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

International Business Essay -- essays research papers

Todays world of rapid increase in and expansion of technology is the reasons for recent International melodic line growth. The rapid growth in international business makes an understanding of organizational behavior all the more important for contemporary managers. Businesses have expanded internationally to increase their market share, as the domestic markets were too small to sustain growth. Business transactions are also becoming increasing blurred across national boundaries.Companies engage in international business to expand sales, acquire resources, diversify their sources of sales and supplies, and minimize competitive risk. When operating abroad, companies may have to fructify their usual methods of carrying on business. This is because foreign conditions often dictate a more appropriate method and because the operating modes used for international business differ roughly from those used on a domestic level. In many ways, then, we are becoming a truly global economy. No longer will a firm be able to insulate it from foreign competitors or opportunities. International business usually takes place in more diverse external environments than demonstrate domestically. Businesses worldwide are no longer going International but expanding globally. This fast occurring global expansion of businesses all over the world has been given a new term, it is called international business.As human beings, we encounter risk every day of our lives. As a manager, risk becomes even more importan...

Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle Essay -- Geology

Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle IntroductionWater is the lifeblood of every living creature on domain. Approximately 70 percent of the earths show is c all overed with water. impression the wonders of nature, water can take on many different forms, form the water we drink, to the ice we use to chill a glass of lemonade, to the water vaporization used to steam clean equipment equipment. It is easy to realise the significance water plays in our lives, exclusively it may be much more difficult ot understand the water that exists below the earths surface, called groundwater.From the time the earth was formed, water have been endlessly circulating. This circulation is known as the hydrologic cycle. Groundwater is part of this continuous cycle as water evaporates, forms clouds and returns to earth as precipitation.The Hydrologic CycleThe hydrologic cycle begins with the water evaporation from the earths soil, plant and water surfaces to form water vapor. The energy required to evaporate water is supplied by the sun. The huge majority of evaporation occurs from the oceans. It is estimated that 39 inches of water annually evaporate from each acre of ocean.Water vapor is drawn into the atmosphere by temperature gradients and can be transported over hundreds of miles by large air masses. When water vapor cools, it condenses to form clouds. As water condenses within clouds, water droplets increase in size until they fall to the earths surface as precipitation such as rainfall, hail, sleet or snow.Approximately 70-90 percent of the water that falls to the earths surface enters the soil. This water can become groundwater but most of it evaporates or is used by vegetation.Water that passes though the root zone ... ...ment levels (Florida Aquifer).Floridas growing population, now fourth in the nation, is placing a heavy postulate on the states water supply. The addition of 6,000 new residents each week has increased the use of water for direct human n eeds to more than 60 one thousand million gallons per day.Florida rainfall averages 54 inches per year, or nearly 150 billion gallons of water a day. Unfortunately, an estimated 110 billion gallons is lost to evaporation and plant life consumption.The grey 50 percent of Florida receives only 44 percent of the states natural water supply, yet is home to 78 percent of the population and accounts for 75 percent of the states match water use (Groundwater Withdraw).The largest consumer of water is the agriculture industry, using 42 percent. Homes, offices and hotels consume 11 percent. The rest is consumed by other industries.

Catcher in The Rye Essay -- essays research papers

Catcher in the RyeJ.D Salingers novel Catcher in the Rye, focuses mainly on Holden Caulfield because he is the cashier and the novel is some his memory of characters and events throughout the story. These characters atomic number 18 more than just remembrances but actu exclusivelyy help the reviewer to soften understand Holden. Mr. Antolini, Phoebe, and Jane Gallagher are all characters that help fully characterize Holden.Mr. Antolini helps the contributor better understand Holdens hasty judgments about characters in the novel. He is one of the few people in the novel who Holden respects and does not consider a phony. Holden respects Mr. Antolini because he understands him and does not treat him like an inferior student like the rest of his teachers do. Mr. Antolini is genuinely open with Holden and this is shown when he lets him stay the night in his apartment. Holdens quick judgments of people are shown and better understood when Mr. Antolini touches his forehead while he sl eeps in chapter 24. I know more damn perverts, at schools and all, than anybody you ever met, and theyre always being perverty when Im around.(192) Holden jumps to conclusions right away when he wakes up to Mr. Antolini touching his forehead. Instead of thinking that his teacher was just showing affection and care for a student he is very quick to think that he is a pervert and homosexual. In the quote Holden says, theyre always being perverty when Im around, this is more evidence that Holden jumps to conclusions and is quick with assumptions rather than to think about what it is to be a pervert. He thinks that he is just in the wrong place at the wrong time but it is more likely that he just assumes they are being perverty when they are truly not. Another example of Holden being quick with judgment is directly after the happening happens. Without letting the incident sink in, Holden changes into his clothes and runs out of the apartment. Mr. Antolini and the events that take place in his apartment help the reader fully understand Holden. Mr. Antolini is a compassionate person and his actions are out of care for his friend and student, Holdens quick and hasty judgment is shown when he overlooks Mr. Antolinis concern and affection for a homosexual advance.Phoebe is another(prenominal) character that helps the reader bet... ...y voice was shaking something awful. Holdens helplessness to realize that sex can be casual is showing that he is immature and that he doesnt extremity to let go of his childhood innocence. Janes character, a girl who Holden knows very well and has affection for, has casual sex which makes Holden very upset, this helps the reader better understand Holdens immatureness and his refusal to let go of his childhood innocence.In the novel Catcher in the Rye the reader is able to better understand Holden by the characters in his remembrances. Mr. Antolini, a person who shows affection for Holden, shows the reader that Holden makes quick assump tions and judgments with characters in the novel. Phoebe, Holdens younger sister, makes it evident to the reader that Holden does not want to grow up, mature, and have a future as an adult. Jane Gallaghers character also helps the reader better understand Holden by making it evident that he does not want to let go of his childhood innocence. Although Holdens character is the main focus of the novel, his remembrances of other key characters help define him and give the reader a better understanding of who he is.

Catcher in The Rye Essay -- essays research papers

catcher in the RyeJ.D Salingers novel backstop in the Rye, focuses mainly on Holden Caulfield because he is the narrator and the novel is about his memory of characters and events throughout the story. These characters are more(prenominal) than just remembrances but actually dish up the reader to breach understand Holden. Mr. Antolini, Phoebe, and Jane Gallagher are all characters that help fully characterize Holden.Mr. Antolini helps the reader better understand Holdens hasty opinions about characters in the novel. He is one of the few people in the novel who Holden respects and does not consider a phony. Holden respects Mr. Antolini because he understands him and does not treat him manage an inferior bookman like the rest of his teachers do. Mr. Antolini is very open with Holden and this is shown when he lets him stay the night in his apartment. Holdens quick judgments of people are shown and better understood when Mr. Antolini touches his forehead while he sleeps in chapt er 24. I know more damn perverts, at schools and all, than anybody you ever met, and theyre always being perverty when Im around.(192) Holden jumps to conclusions right away when he wakes up to Mr. Antolini touching his forehead. Instead of thinking that his teacher was just showing affection and care for a student he is very quick to think that he is a pervert and homosexual. In the quote Holden says, theyre always being perverty when Im around, this is more evidence that Holden jumps to conclusions and is quick with assumptions rather than to think about what it is to be a pervert. He thinks that he is just in the aggrieve place at the wrong time but it is more likely that he just assumes they are being perverty when they are truly not. An early(a) example of Holden being quick with judgment is directly after the incident happens. Without letting the incident sink in, Holden changes into his clothes and runs out of the apartment. Mr. Antolini and the events that take place in his apartment help the reader fully understand Holden. Mr. Antolini is a compassionate person and his actions are out of care for his friend and student, Holdens quick and hasty judgment is shown when he overlooks Mr. Antolinis reverence and affection for a homosexual advance.Phoebe is another character that helps the reader bet... ...y voice was shaking something awful. Holdens helplessness to realize that sex can be casual is showing that he is immature and that he doesnt want to let go of his childhood innocence. Janes character, a girl who Holden knows very healthful and has affection for, has casual sex which makes Holden very upset, this helps the reader better understand Holdens immatureness and his refusal to let go of his childhood innocence.In the novel Catcher in the Rye the reader is able to better understand Holden by the characters in his remembrances. Mr. Antolini, a person who shows affection for Holden, shows the reader that Holden makes quick assumptions and judgme nts with characters in the novel. Phoebe, Holdens younger sister, makes it evident to the reader that Holden does not want to grow up, mature, and have a future as an adult. Jane Gallaghers character also helps the reader better understand Holden by making it evident that he does not want to let go of his childhood innocence. Although Holdens character is the main focus of the novel, his remembrances of other key characters help define him and give the reader a better understanding of who he is.

Closed Memo

JS6557 Professor Pratt 16, Thursdays, 1000 a. m. X Mailbox 406 Final Draft Closed Memo kinfolk 5, 2012 Word Count 2,975 On my honor, I submit this work in good faith and pledge that I have neither given nor authorized improper aid in its completion. /s/ JS6557 JS6557 Memorandum To Managing Partner Salvo From JS6557 Date September 24, 2012 Re McAnzen Case QUESTION PRESENTED DUIUnder Mississippi law, send away McAnzen anchor a defense of sine qua non for his DUI charge, when later realizing the severity of Hurri crowd oute Katrina and fleeing his home, he was arrested while impulsive under the crook even though that moldion was l mavensome(prenominal) do to prevent a signifi loafert evil and was his only adequate pickax to stay off the impending dangers of the storm? play Under Mississippi common law, can McAnzen tack a necessity of defense to escape when he used no chock up or violence to flee custody, to avoid the mmediate flagellum of in effect(p) bodily harm, aft er he was pulled oer and arrested during the attack of the impending danger of Hurricane Katrina although he did non report himself present(prenominal)ly to proper political science? BRIEF final result DUI Probably yes. McAnzen lead probably be able to survive a DUI charge because under Mississippi Law a defendant must satiate three elements to establish a defense of necessity to DUI.He will standardisedly gratify all three elements because he drove under the influence only to prevent a significant evil, the harm he caused was disproportionate to the harm avoided, and driving was his last adequate option in hopes to avoid the impending dangers of Hurricane Katrina. ESCAPE Probably yes. McAnzen will probably be able to evade an escape charge because under Mississippi Law a prisoner must meet four elements to establish a defense of necessity to escape.Although he failed to meet all four of the elements undoubtedly, he will likely be able to establish his defense because he und erstandably met three of the four elements because the hurricane winds were an immediate threat of serious bodily harm, he did non have succession to make a complaint to authorities, and he used no beat back or violence to make his escape to flee the impending dangers. STATEMENT OF FACTS After an argument with his married wo piece, McAnzen wife left the home to recollect her thoughts while relaxed with a six-pack of beer while tuning into the local news station.The news graphically described the Hurricane that was predicted to hit tho he didnt give any warranty to it. Over the two-hour period, he consumed four of the six beers. A neighbor interrupted his television viewing to tidy him of the cropual severity of the storm and advise that McAnzen and his wife leave with him immediately. He declined the offered ride but began to worry about his wifes absence. Although the weather began to worsen, he felt morally obligated to deferment for his wife but could non find her. After waiting as longsighted as he could he acknowledged that e had been drinking earlier in the night but if he did not leave he would have been endangered by the hostile hurricane. He most likely wouldnt survive the wrath of Hurricane Katrina. While driving he was being extremely careful but decided to target a CD in to assure he would stay awake and in doing so he crossed the centerline. He was then pulled everyplace, in the pith of a detrimental hurricane, and eventually arrested for driving under the influence. After being pulled over for a traffic stop during the onset of Hurricane Katrina, McAnzen fled the scene as an spirit to avoid impending danger.After initially being pulled over and failing a field sobriety test, a huge setback of wind knocked over the cop officer giving McAnzen time to escape the scene. He left the scene because he panicked after seeing the strong wind blow over the officer, which created a fear for his career. He fled to his sisters home in Florida and when returning to Mississippi, he went immediately to his home, which indecently was completely destroyed by the decease of the hurricane. He was then arrested. DISCUSSIONBoth of McAnzens decisions, driving under the influence and escaping from custody, are criminal actions but they were necessarily committed to ensure his personal safety during the onset of Hurricane Katrina. His actions are to be pardon by the defense of necessity, which is when a persons choices can be excused or justified even though they break a law because they were necessary. Where a person reasonably believes that he is in danger of physical harm he may be excused for some conduct which ordinarily would be criminal. Knight v. State, 601 So. 2d 403 (Miss. 1992). Mississippi Courts generally find that for a defendant to establish a defense of necessity for a crime committed, he must prove that three elements were present level-headed belief of fear, fear of physical harm, and no sufficient alternative. Id. In this function he is supercharged with two separate crimes and both crimes are analyzed differently according to specific elements that pertain to each of them.This is an affirmative defense because he has the burden of proof meaning he must prove that he met the elements of the defense to claim it. The following cases using the defense of necessity will jockstrap prove that McAnzen does establish his defense. The court in Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236 (Miss. 2005) found that the plaintiff George Stodghills attempt to use the defense of necessity in regards to his arrest for driving under the influence was not well-grounded because he did completely satisfy all the elements of that defense.After a night of drinking at a remote confine with family, his girl wizard became violently ill and exhibited symptoms of a seizure so he decided she needed immediate medical attention but felt like 911 would not come fast enough. Id. During the draw a bead on he committed two di fferent offenses speeding and crossing the centerline and subsequently he was pulled over and arrested. Id. He did not fully comply with all of the elements because although he was trying to prevent a significant evil, there were alternative means for the transportation of his girlfriend that he chose not to rely on.Id. Willie Joe Knight, a black man, was driving along a road in a predominately white community in 1989 when after noticing a group of white children playing on the road side, he felt as if his vehicle had run over something. Knight v. State, 601 So. 2d 403 (Miss. 1992). After stopping to check for damages he concluded that he had probably run over something un strategic but was quickly startled by the screams of a determine claiming that he had run over a white child and that the child was trapped. Id.The angry crowd approached and he feared for his own safety because he, a black man, ran over a white child and with the rioting crowds pressure growing, he left the sce ne. Id. Knight openly stated he fled because he feared for the safety of his own life considering the racial aspect. Id. 406. The court concluded this was a case for a defense of necessity because he was motivated by fear and the present circumstances that bring on that fear would be in a reasonable person in Knights situation. Id. With this conclusion, his conviction was reversed and remanded. Id.In Corley v. State, 536 So. 2d 1314 (1988), the defendant escaped from the Carroll County Jail after he claimed to have been threatened by a jailer with a gun. After his escape he was consequently returned to the Carroll County Jail after being located at his home in Greenwood. Id. at 1317. He claimed a defense of necessity to escape because he had a fear for his life after the jailers threat but the Court held that his defense was not viable, therefore waived, because he chose aimally to not return to custody after the danger was evaded. Their findings were ased on that Corley avowedly divulged that he planned on staying out of jail as long as I could reckon. Id. The Court found that failure to return to the authorities after reaching safety and failure to make a complaint about his danger demoted Corleys reasoning and did not constitute his escape to be a defense of necessity because he did not meet all of the elements. Id. Since the elements were not met, the Court affirmed his conviction. Id. I. DUI McAnzen will most likely survive the DUI charge because can probably establish each element of the defense of necessity for that charge.Under Mississippi Law, to establish a necessity of defense, a defendant must prove (1) the act charged was done to prevent a significant evil (2) the harm caused was not disproportionate to the harm avoided and (3) there was no adequate alternative. Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236 (Miss. 2005). 1. The act charged was done to prevent a significant evil Courts have usually found that a defense of necessity was valid when the act charged was done to prevent a significant evil. This was established in Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236 (Miss. 2005).McAnzen chose to pose under the influence because it was the only way to ensure his safety from the hurricane. Like, McAnzen chose to baffle under the influence because it was the only way to ensure his safety from the hurricane. His decision to drive under the influence was the only way to get him self to a safe environment although he had to break a law to do so. Like Stodghill, McAnzen drove under the influence because his only other option was not viable- to be physically harmed due to Hurricane Katrina. They both knowingly committed the same crime but only to ensure their own or others safety from their individual circumstances.It could be said that because hurricanes are common in this part of the country that he should have taken warnings of the storm more seriously. This cannot be entirely true because each hurricane has different levels of severity and w hen he realized the severity of Hurricane Katrina it was necessary that he leave his home immediately or venture being killed by the storm. 2. The harm caused was not disproportionate to the harm avoided and Courts have previously found that a defense of necessity was valid when the harm caused was not disproportionate to the harm avoided. This was established in Stodghill v.State, 892 So. 2d 236 (Miss. 2005). McAnzens case easily proves this element because driving under the influence essentially saved his life because without making that decision he would have been likely killed by the effects of the storm. This is parallel to the situation in the Stoghill case because he had to make the decision to drive even though he had previously been drinking earlier in the night, in hopes to save his girlfriend who was suffering from a seizure. It could be said that McAnzen choosing to drive under the influence always has the chance to harm someone else in the process.This counter argument is not sufficient because who is to tell him that his life was not important just because he happened to drink earlier in the evening? Since the storm had rapidly gotten worse, most people had already reached safety making it a lesser chance that he would hit someone on the road. 3. There was no adequate alternative. Courts have formerly found that a defense of necessity was valid when the act is committed because there was no adequate alternative. This was not established in Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236 (Miss. 2005).The third element is established and provided by the moral arrangement McAnzen felt for his wife. He declined the ride with a neighbor because he felt morally wrong leaving his wife, in the chance that she might return. When McAnzen could absolutely wait no longer for her return, he had no other adequate options but to drive to safety. His moral conscience was the reason that eventually he was stuck with no alternatives. Stodghill did not meet this. One could sa y that his moral obligation to wait on his wife was not an adequate reasoning to wait.He could have accepted the ride from his friend since his wife eventually never showed up and the acceptance was an adequate option. Because no one can define what a persons certain moral obligations can or cannot be this counter argument cannot be found. He felt like he should wait on his wife, when she never returned his only option was to drive himself to safety. McAnzen frankly admits that he committed criminal acts when he operated a vehicle under the influence his argument provides that he had fitting reason to do so to ensure his own safety during the onset of Hurricane Katrina.In reference to the use of defense of necessity to his DUI charge, the court will find that it is his reasoning was appropriate and in accordance to all three elements. The Courts will likely find that a reasonable person would have made the same choices as he. I. Escape McAnzen will most likely survive the escape cha rge because can probably establish each element of the defense of necessity for that charge. Courts have found that a prisoners escape can be permissible by law if the reason is the intention to escape an impending danger rather than the intention to escape lawful imprisonment which could not be justified.Under Mississippi Law, to establish a necessity of defense to escape, a defendant must prove (1) immediate threat of serious bodily harm to prisoner (2) prisoner has no time in which to make complaint to authorities about his danger (3) force or violence is not used in escape and (4) a prisoner must imply to report immediately to proper authorities when he attains position of safety. Corley v. State, 536 So. 2d 1314 (1988). Although he does not undoubtedly meet all four elements it is likely the court will accept his defense because he clearly meets three the fourth is very debatable. . Immediate threat of serious bodily harm to prisoner The first element is clearly met because th ere was an immediate threat of serious bodily harm to prisoner because McAnzen had a legitimate threat of serious bodily harm, the incoming Hurricane Katrina. His fear of impending danger was heightened when he sawing machine the officer simply knocked over by the hurricanes wind. Unlike McAnzen, in Corley the claim that an officer threatened him at gunpoint had not merit because it was never proven. It could be said that a gust of wind is not an immediate threat but that is not entirely true.The gust of wind was in feature an immediate threat of what was to come from the incoming hurricane. He knew that if a gust of wind was strong enough to knock down a grown man that the storm could easily kill him. 2. Prisoner has no time in which to make complaint to authorities about his danger The second element, that the prisoner has no time to make a complaint about his danger, is easily met by the McAnzen case. Since he was arrested in the middle of existent hurricane weather he had no t ime to complain to authorities regarding his rationale for evading the danger.He was arrested without his viable reason even being considered. If the threat had been legitimate in Corley, Corley could have reported the incident to someone of agency instead of trying to handle the law himself. 3. Force or violence is not used in escape and In the third element it states that force or violence is not used in escape. McAnzen used neither force nor violence because his escape was enabled after a natural occurrence of weather, the gust of wind, detained the officer.The argument cannot counter this because the gust of wind that knocked over the officer, allowing McAnzen to escape, was an act of nature not an act of force or violence. 4. A prisoner must intend to report immediately to proper authorities when he attains position of safety. The last element, that a prisoner must intend to report immediately to proper authorities when he attains position of safety, is the only element that i s not clearly met by McAnzen but he is still likely to establish his defense.It is explicitly never met in Corley because he openly admits after the police collected him that he had no intentions of returning and would try to stay a free man as long as he could. McAnzen, on the hand doesnt explicitly meet this element but has a completely different motive than the extreme one stated in Corley. He was forced leave the jurisdiction in which he was arrested to evade the danger of the approaching. He did not leave the jurisdiction to avoid his arrest only to avoid the storm thus avoiding the impending danger.It will be countered that he should have immediately turned him self in. But neither who the proper authorities are nor when safety is obtained are explicitly defined. He could have believed the proper authorities were in the jurisdiction in which he was arrested. thinking he should turn in himself in to Mississippi authorities would have given him no reason to do so when he arrive d in Florida. It can be thought that he would turn himself in when returning home but his thought process was halted when he found his home had been completely destroyed.A reasonable person would have visited their home before reporting to authorities therefore this counterargument will not stand. CONCLUSION Both of McAnzens decisions, driving under the influence and escaping from custody, are criminal actions but they were necessarily committed to ensure his personal safety during the onset of Hurricane Katrina. He meets the individual elements of each charge that are compulsory to establish the defense of necessity making his actions excusable. It is likely that the court will find that in his circumstances he made reasonable decisions.

Pepsi vs Coke Brand Positioning

Week 5 Branding and Positioning Reading * Articles Please be original to read all articles and view all videos listed. They are short but insightful. 1. Inter taint Names 100 Best Global Brands http//www. marketingpilgrim. com/2010/09/inter stain-names-100-best-world(a)- sends. html 2. What P&G Taught Me About Brands http//maxbrandequity. com/Documents/What%20PG%20taught%20me%20about%20Brands. pdf 3. The Power of Brand Equity http//www. cerebrateingleaders. om/archives/964 Questions Write what you believe are the current global brand offices for Coke and Pepsi (the brands, not the companies)? Few separate companies in the world have been able to construct and manage their brands as well as these companies. Much of the successful of these companies can be attributed to way in which they have managed their soft drink brands. Coke has positioned itself as an integral, crucial disunite of peoples everyday lives.The brand, particularly through its commercials, creates intimacy wit h its consumers by evoking memories and experiences with the brand and their unique selling proposition live the Coke font of life is a prime example of this. Its an invitation to live on the positive side of life, with Coke. It invites people to create their own positive reality and overall says, only Coke will do because essentially, Coke is happiness in a bottle. Importantly, from a global marketing perspective, it allows each country the opportunity to interpret their own moments of happiness and the brands role in those moments.Pepsis new global brand pose (announced this year) is reflected in their caption Live for Now which invites and inspires Pepsi fans to live each moment to the fullest through a breadth of global, pop- last platforms, including relationships with music and frolic brand evangelists, digital innovation, epic events and unique partnerships. This positioning enables the brand to pursue new partnerships with some of the worlds leading artists and entertainm ent properties.Do you believe the global positioning is different from the positioning these brands are utilizing in your home country? If yes, please provide the positioning in your home country and explain why you think it is different. The global positioning of Coke and Pepsi is the same around the world by way of oecumenic theme and overall message, only due to the differences in culture and society across the globe, the execution of the companys respective positionings must be different for each of the markets that they serve.As each country/region of the world is quite an different, it is imperative that the message is tailored in a way that is relevant and best captures the target market. For example, the recent Coke advertisement in Australia depicts a congregation of friends playing around on a boat off the coast (presumably of Australia) which clearly taps into the Australian beach culture. This message of joy and happiness is unbosom carried but its made more relevan t to the particular market which it is serving by the way in which the message is constructed and contextualised.The Interbrand report indicates that the Coke brand is much more valuable as an asset than the Pepsi brand. Please explain why you believe this is true, being sure to comment on a. Strength of positioning Coke has positioned itself more emotively than Pepsi as is evident in many of Cokes advertisements over the years which moreso depict the human experience through a strong emphasis on families and the community. b.Key points of parity and points of difference both emotive in their message, but different in that Coke really taps into the general consumers happy experience with the brand, whereas Pepsi I believe is more targeted (particularly to the youth market) and has the image of being high-energy and action-oriented, and I think a large part of their target audience associate themselves with the brand because of that image. They are similar in that both brands consi der themselves to be bold and refreshing. c.Whether any of these points of difference are agonistic advantages Cokes positioning, with its strong association to feelings of joy and happiness, I believe gives it a competitive advantage in that these feelings and positive connections with happiness give it interminable appeal, whereas Pepsi seems to be more in-the-moment and almost timely by comparison. Coke, I feel, represents a state of permanent happiness whereas Pepsi is all about excitement, which we all know, is an emotion that is frequently fleeting. This position of happiness/longevity, I believe, is more attractive to consumers. . Line extension strategy Having a strong brand that consumers are loyal to allows an organization to comprehend its line of products and bring to market new products more easily.If Cokes brand is stronger and better positioned (which I believe it is), then by extension, it will be of greater value since the introduction of new products can more easily be made, and therefore, new revenue streams open up for the company. There are, of course, risks associated with line extension, however if managed well, leveraging an existing brand can be of enormous financial benefit to a company. . International presence I think Cokes broader appeal to such human states as joy and happiness allows the brand to resonate more strongly across cultures whereas Pepsi, with its greater reliance on pop-culture and entertainment artists makes it more restricted in its global reach. Clearly, Michael Jackson will have less appeal in a developing country than in the linked States, however Cokes association with feelings of joy, family and life more generally can, as a message, be more easily carried across borders and into countries.

Project Report on Education Society

GURUKUL EDUCATION SOCIETY DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR ESTABLISHING AN EDUCATION SOCIETY SCHOOL & COMMERCE INSTITUTE IN INDIA CONTENTS Page No. PREAMBLE CHAPTER I BRIEF DETAILS OF COLLABORATING PARTNERS. 1. 1. mental hospital 1. 2. Background of the Consultants 1. 3. Technical study & Industry Scenario CHAPTER II THE PROMOTING BODY 2. 1. understructure to its Genesis including its Registration Status 2. 2. Details of its Promoters including their Background 2. 3.Activities of the Promoting Body including a tilt of major commandal promotional activities under taken till now. 2. 4. accusation of the Promoting Body 2. 5. flock of the Promoting Body CHAPTER III OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME 3. 1 Objectives 3. 2 General and Commerce Education Scenario in the State 3. 3 Status at inlet Level 3. 4. Status of Commerce Level manpower 3. 5 Industrial Scenario of the State 3. 6 Scope of the College vis-a-vis the Industrial Scenario and Educational Facilities already operational in the State and in this Institute.CHAPTER IV ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES 4. 1 Basic Academic Philosophy of the Institution 4. 2 Types of Programmes 4. 3. Identified Programmes 4. 4. Phase-wise ledger entry of Programmes & Intake 4. 5 Target Date for Start of Academic Programmes 4. 6 underlying Computing facility 4. 7 Central Library 4. 8 Affiliating Body 4. 11 Scholarships CHAPTER V SALIENT FEATURES OF ACADEMIC DIVISIONS 5. 1 Classification of Academic personas i. e. De musical compositionments,Centres, indoctrinates, Central Academic Facilities. 5. 2. (i) Commerce (120 seats) 5. 2. (i) 1 Academic Objectives 5. 2. (i) 2. Areas of Focus . 2. (i) 3. Academic Programme 5. 2. 4 capacity Requirement & Phase-wise Recruitment 5. 2. 5 Requirement of Laboratories, Space and Equipment ( equal) 5. 2. 6 Requirement of separate Space like Class Rooms, competency Rooms, Departmental Office. CHAPTER VI LINKAGES IN technical foul EDUCATION 6. 1. Introduction 6. 2. Linkages with Industry 6. 3. Linkages with the Community 6. 4. Linkages with Institutions of excellence such as the IIMs and ICAI. 6. 5. Linkages Abroad CHAPTER sevener GOVERNANCE 7. 1. Philosophy of Governance 7. 2. State & Central GovernanceCHAPTER eighter from Decatur ACADEMIC & ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT 8. 1. Organizational Structure & Chart for day-to-day Operations & counsel 8. 2. Role and Responsibilities of Key Senior Positions 8. 3. Methods/Style of Administration/Management CHAPTER I BRIEF DETAILS OF COLLABORATING PARTNERS. A. Gurukul Education Society In the following pages brief details of collaborating parteners 1) and 2) - be given B. INTRODUCTION To meet the increasing read of qualified manpower in the field of emerging argonas of commerce and Industry.And to deliver the Primary study facilities to common man in village, Gurukul Education society, pune is formed with the acclaim of All India council for Education, Govt of india. It is affiliated to Pune Universi ty and Pune Board. In todays World of 21 century, our country is on the road map of Globalization, hence more and more industries atomic number 18 attracting towards India and specially towards countrified Area. As they are considering there rural field of force as beneficial investment. Hence Gurukul Education society is planning to open a Primary School and Commerce college in Pune District at Yavat.C. Backround of the Counsultants. Solution Provider pvt. Ltd. are appointed as consultants to regularize & assist for project completion. The Solution Provider are serving various clients for last 25 years. They befuddle very good goodwill in market & commitment complier. CHAPTER II THE PROMOTING BODY 2. 1 Introduction to its Genesis including its Registration Status Gurukul Education Society, registered in 1998 in pune has established Gurukul Institute of commerce in Pune. Whose members include well-known Industrialists, Businessmen, Professionals and Educationists.The people ass ociated with the Society are engaged in r lay offering social services in Pune and Mumbai. The members of the society are committed to provide the investment needed for the education with global competitiveness. No compromise is made in ensuring the advanced quality of education in the Institute. 2. 2. Details of its Promoters including their Background The promoters consist of Industrialists, Businessmen, Professionals Educationists. The list is given on the following pages. In there are a large physique of members in the following categories (i) Founder Members 44 ii) Members 39 (iii) Aajiwan Sahyogi 156 (iv) Donors 21 2. 3 Activities of the Promoting Body including a listing of major educational promotional activities undertake till now. The promoters of the society have been knotted in various activities related to basic and professional education, health circumspection and have established a number of educational institutions consisting of Engineering College, Polytechn ic, ITI and are also managing Five Public Schools at various locations in Maharashtra. 2. 4 Mission of the Promoting Body The missions are mentioned below 1.To arrange, establish, run and manage Nursery, Primary Higher Secondary and Higher Education in Commerce Institutions. Colleges for all types of higher education preparation for various competitive examinations and civil services and to provide education to the General Public, poor and needy children, SC, ST Community and separate sections of the society and to provide education as per the Policy of the Govt. of India. 2. To arrange, establish run, manage, control, lookafter, and super-vise Commerce Educational Institutions, Colleges, Lecture halls, part time Coaching Education Centre n Charitable basis and other establishments or Institution for advancement of education and fellowship in arts, science, social science, knowledge of public hygine, literature and humanities, etc. 3. To establish environment preservation and con tamination control centres to restrain the spread of pollution and to conduct such programmes which aim at preservation of environment, improvement and control of pollution. 2. 5 Vision of the Promoting Body To provide for excellence in Commerce Education and Research. To provide computers as an aid to study, an object of study, a professional tool, an intellectual tool, an instrument of social change. To develop hearty communication skills in the students To create awareness for social, historical, ethical, cultural and human values. To create a culture for self and life long learning. To create an intellectual gist and capability for critical judgement. To establish a symbiotic relationship with industries. To develop enterprisership programmes and promote student entrepreneurs. To develop continuing education programmes. To create an awareness for organic evolution with equity and environmental values. To undertake resource generation and provide consultancy services . CHAPTER III OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME 3. 1 Objectives 3. 1-i GURUKUL SCHOOL. * To promote preliminary education * To open Marathi ordinary & English medium indoctrinate * To promote extra circular activities such as, sports, social activities, art etc. * Enhancement of quality of education to students 3. 1-ii GURUKUL COMMERCE COLLEGE. * entre to modern prey material of international level. Enhancement of quality of education to students. * Enhancement in avenues for jobs to the student. * Enhancement in value addition to the existing programme. * commencement of post graduation education. 3. 2 General and Commerce Education Scenario in the State Pune can be rightly called an Educational city. thither is One Central Universities, and a number of Deemed Universities. 3. 3 Status at Entry Level Gurukul School Child completed 3 years of age can dent Pre preliminary house followed by Preliminary & secondary school life. Gurukul Commerce College 0+2 students in Commerce stream opt for Commerce Courses. The number of seats available in Pune per thousand students compared to other nations is very low. This imbalance needs to be corrected. CHAPTER IV ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES 4. 1 Classification of Academic Division The following major divisions/departments exist in the school & college. * Pre preliminary * Preliminary (Std. 1st to 4th ) * Secondary ( Std. 5th to 10th ) * Higher Secondary ( Std. eleventh & 12th ) * Graduation in Commerce ( B. com) * Post Graduation in Commerce (M. com) 4. 2 EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship is the greatest service to the society. The fruit of Commerce is harvested by the entrepreneur and served to the society in different baskets and packages. The prosperity of the society is directly linked to the successful entrepreneurs. 4. 3 Liberalization and Globalization If a society is compelled to single taboo one determinant of competitiveness, in the era of globalisation based economy, one has no option but to choose c ommerce education since in the end people are the ultimate as draws in global competition. This Institute imparts education for global competitiveness. . 4 computerization of Learning Process As already mentioned, computer is the central medium for the learning process viz, (i) Visualization of c at oncepts and processes through graphics and multimedia in multidimensional continuum, (ii) Analytical details under changing parameters and environment, (iii) tutorial software for deeper understanding of the subject, (iv) Self paced learning, which normally can not be created without computers. The Institute provides seamless opportunities for innovative learning. CHAPTER V SALIENT FEATURES OF ACADEMIC DIVISIONS 5. 1. Academic ObjectivesThrough this course of School & college students are well versed in Commerce & being made aware of the endless opportunities opened by the application of academic knowledge & information technology for a total integration of system spanning and global scenario. There is a great demand for such manpower as the industries are moving for a higher level of globalisation. 5. 2. Areas of Focus Globalisation & finance transferency. 5. 3Faculty Requirement & Phase-wise Recruitment For the collaborative programme with the University all susceptibility members will must have Ph. D. degrees.For the collaborative programme with the University the following key capability members have already been identified to be appointed. (i) Professor Yogesh Mathur Accounts (ii) Professor V. P. Srivastava fiscal Management (iii) Professor M. M. Bhutani Corporate Law (iv) Professor Suresh Chandra Computer (v) Dr. C. R. Roy Humanities (vi) Dr. Krishan Kumar Costing Others will be appointed in consultation with key faculty members through proper advertisements. 5. 4 Requirement of Laboratories, Space and Equipment For school we require to have laboratories & no need to have laboratories for commerce college.Space requirement for such lab will be substa ntial. All equipments required are of high quality & will be ordered from reputed suppliers. CHAPTER VI LINKAGES IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION 6. 1. Introduction School & commerce college education is based on societal needs of today and tomorrow. Society is seamlessly becoming dependent of Information Technology, All aspects of human enterprisingness is taking new shapes and directions for a higher level of productivity, efficiency for over all development. 6. 2. Linkages with Industry The Institute promotes the activities in co-operation with the Industries.Students and Faculty members are sent to interpret Industries. With M/s. Laxmi Iyer, a more compact relationship has been undertaken as specify by them. 6. 3. Linkages with the Community The requirements of the Community have been well studied and crystallized. Accordingly, educational programs have been designed. Pune is becoming metropolitan city. Hence, the needs of the community here are different from the rural community. The education at the Institution provides deep knowledge & computer skills. 6. 4. Linkages with other Institutions in the region There is initiative to linkage with all the Commerce Institutes in India like ICAI, ICSI. This will help students to per sue professional education plot taking formal education with Institute. 6. 5. Linkages Abroad Efforts are made to have linkage with abroad universities/Institutes, as the infrastructures and faculty are no less than all foreign institutes. Therefore, this collaboration will bridge this gap and help students to be globalise in every aspect be it education or job. CHAPTER VII FINANCIAL ASPECT 7. 1 Organisational structure and chart for day to day operation and management.President/secretary (chairman) HEAD OFADMINISTRATIVEEXAMINATIONLIBRARIAN DEPARTMENTOFFICERBRANCH/INCHARGE FACULTYSUPERINTENDENT ATTENDANCESTAFFDEPARTMENT OF STAFF HOUSE KEEPING DATA ENTRYATTENDANT border OPERATOR OPERATOR STORE INCHARGE CLERKS ELECTRICIAN CANTEEN 7. 2 SCHOLARSHIPS. Institutes believes, it has responsibility towards society in which functioning and also provides help to students of weaker section of society in particular SC/ST/NT. * State government provides scholarship to weaker students whose income is below average. Arrange for education loan to needy students from banks. * Issue free books to meritable students. * Also help meritorious but poor, physically challenge and orphan students. * Grants provides by university grant commission. 7. 3 PHASEWISE FINANCIAL REQUIRMENT. Financial requirement for building, furniture, library, labs and workshops, teaching and non-teaching staff is on the following lines. The cost analysis is based on the current rates. 7. 4 Salary teaching and non-teaching staff is as follows. particulars Amount(in rupees p. m) Principal 75,000 Professor 50,000 Assistant professor 35,000Lecturers 25,000 Lab service 15,000 Maintenance staff 13,000 Office assistant 13,000 Librarian 10,000 TOTAL 2,30,000 7. 5 lower, Building & Infrastructure Facility Land 130,00,000 Building 100,00,000 Lab & workshop 40,00,000 Computer Lab 25,00,000 Furniture 20,00,000 Library 15,00,000 TOTAL 330,00,000 7. 6 Strategies for Financial Mobilization * Some promoters are businessmen and have their own commercial institutes & construction Institute. * every shortage, the financial mobilization will be through unsecured loan from non-financial institutes. * Interest free loan from promoters. After completion of eligibility and all inventorys, Central political science and State Government will provide grants for continuing such project. * Donations will be accepted from public. CHAPTER VIII GOVERNANCE AND ACADEMIC & ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT 8. 1 Philosophy of Governance It is said the best face is that which does not govern. But the underlying Meaning of this is not chaos by but order. This concept of governance bestows Autonomy in decision making with responsibility and Co-ordination. There is a Total freedom for innovative measures and a total Co-ordination from top to Bottom.The decisions are taken at the top but with inputs from the lower rungs So, the governance ensures total participation across the various hierarchies. Head of the Department. Is helped by the faculty members. The Dean is helped by the HODs and faculty members both Director is helped by the Dean, HOD and Faculty members. The Chairman/General Secretary are helped by the Directors And Dean. 8. 2 Methods/Style of Administration/Management The administration is participative. every(prenominal) faculty member has certain responsibility Delegated to him. 20 students are attached to one faculty member who is designated Group Counselors for that set of students.Group Counselors meet their respective Groups once in a month to know the problems being faced by students Group Counselor Provide the briefs of the meetings to the Director, Director (E) and Dean on matters colligate to education, administration and emoti onal support that the students need. Thus, the problem identification is do at the grass-root level and administrative remedial steps are taken of the appropriate lands. Similarly, grievances of Faculty and Staff are also resolved in a transparent manner. 8. 3 RULES AND REGULATION OF GOVERMEND IN INDIA REGARDING OPENING OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. FIRST STEPSchools and college cannot be set up by private entities. They have to be run by a society formed under the Societies Act of 1860, or a reliance under Public Trust Act as existent in different states, or by forming a Company under Section 25 of the Companies Act 1956. In other words, a school and college have to be set up strictly as a non-profit business. At least that is the theory. cathode-ray oscilloscope up a school and college is not just about constructing physical infrastructure in the form of building classrooms and setting up libraries and laboratories. It does involve obtaining permissions and licenses from concern g overnance at various stages.It starts with the setting up of a trust or a society, with a Governing board of five or sise members, with a president, chairperson, and a secretary duly identified, as specified under the law. This article will focus primarily on identifying the various steps involved in Opening a school, providing facility for the study for students. SECOND STEP Once the governing entity, whether a company, trust, or society, comes into existence, it will have to Look for land. There are two possibilitiesone, if the society or trust has a land of its own, or, second, When the governing entity decides to buy a land for the proposed school.Buying land from the Government requires permission in the form of a no-objection certificate from the Department of Education of the concerned state. The no-objection certificate, called Essentiality Certificate (EC), Certifies the requirement of a school and college in a particular area. The system of logic behind the practice is t o make Sure No two schools and college compete with each other and one becomes redundant. The EC comes with a Rider that construction must commence within three years, failing which the society will have to reapply for the same.One can apply to the concerned municipal corporation for land for the school and college with the EC. Land is supposed to be allotted to the governing entity at subsidized rates is usually allotted through auction. LAW APPLICABLE Originally, education was a state subject under the Constitution. In 1976, by a constitutional Amendment, education came in the concurrent list, the joint responsibility of the central and state governments. It is almost unfeasible for a new entrant to get land. Land is normally granted to established players with a chain of schools and colleges.Even if a member on the board of a governing entity has land that the entity wants to use for setting up a school and colleges, a no-objection from the Department of Education stating the re quirement of a school and colleges in that area is required. The major education boards of the country, namely, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the Council for the Indian School Certificate examinations (CISCE), UGC and state government boards, have clearly laid come out norms for land requirements for schools and colleges. This, in most cases, is 2 acres, except for hilly regions and metropolitan cities, where the requirement is less.Construction can take place only on a part of the land, and a playground has to be created in the rest. While conceiving the idea of a school and college, one has to assess the potentials of a location, kind of competition possible, and the target stemthe lower middle class, upper middle class or the rich classthe school and colleges will cater to. From the time of forming a governing entity to a school and colleges actually starting up, one normally requires about a year, though taking more than two years is also not inaudible of.N ormally the infrastructure required to start up can be constructed within a period of six to seven months. Once the construction is over, school and college authorities need to apply for recognition. Up to Class 5 recognition from municipality is all that is required. For Classes 6 to 8 recognition comes from the Department of Education. Recognition for anything above this also comes from the Education Department, but after a minimum gap of two years. School authorities are free to seek affiliation to CBSE or CISCE or ugc. In that case, the school will have to follow the guidelines of the board it is seeking affiliation to.The school will need to follow the syllabus, books prescribed by the affiliating board, and pay specified salaries to the teachers. If it is not a government school, affiliation for schools normally comes in stages. Initially, for Classes 1 to 6 a temporary affiliation is given and guidelines are laid bulge for schools by the concerned education board. Once thing s are in place according to the guidelines, an inspection is conducted. If things are to the satisfaction of the board authorities, permanent affiliation is bestowed on the school. ays inspections are not so rigorous after permanent affiliation is granted, but a school has to be run according to the rules of the board. LICENSES AND DOCUMENTS Setting up a school involves a lot of legal processes from the very beginning. While forming a society, trust, or company, one has to have a Memorandum of Association, a document needed almost at every stage later. Like for any other business, a detailed project report for the school is also needed. In addition, details of land and building, auditors statement, bank statements of the governing entity and their members and auditors statements are needed at some point or the other.Once the school and college building is ready for initial use, a certificate of recognition has to come from the state government, issued by the municipality for the jun ior classes, and by the Department of Education for middle school. If high school is to be added subsequently, certificate of up gradation is required which is again issued by the Education Department. Affiliation from either the CBSE or CISCE or UGC is also done through a set process. Things do not stop here, as schools and college need Certificates for hygiene, water, and completion of the building from the municipality.

Logical Fallacies

?TUDENT HANDOUT LOGICAL FALLACIES Explanation of dianoetic Fallacies * What is logic? * Logic is reasoning that is conducted according to strict principles. * How is logic related to informative writing? * When you write an instructive essay, you ar using logic to provide the layers of proof for your statements. * You atomic number 18 proving your thesis when you construct your case fourth dimensions. * e. g. , firmness of purposeing the Why, How, What be they app atomic number 18nt movements well-nigh the thesis * You argon proving your topic sentences when you construct your firsthand wears * e. g. answering the Why, How, What atomic number 18 they questions about the topic sentence * You are proving/fleshing out your primary support when you construct your alternative supports. * e. g. , answering the What do you mean, Tell me more, Why, How, What are they questions about the primary supports * You lavatory think of logic/reasoning as the answers to the questions t hat stand up the thesis, topic sentences, and primary supports. * What is a logical fallacy? * A logical fallacy (a. k. a. rhetorical fallacy) is an error in reasoning. In expository writing, it is the wrong answer to one of the questions.There are many reasons why race come up with the wrong answers. Some of the most common reasons are listed below (see Different Types of logical Fallacies). * Logical fallacies in writing signal two assumptions about the writer * The generator is not honest * The author is not smart. * Uses for Logical Fallacies * Writers of advertisements, editorials, and political propaganda volition use logical fallacies to their advantage. Different Types of Logical Fallacies * Circular Logic (a. k. a. smoke and mirrors) an argument in which the generator supports his/her position by partially restating it. another(prenominal) put in of pedantic failure is negative feelings. mental picture, resulting from academic failure, go forth pass up a mort als self-esteem. Similarly, depression leave accession based a soulfulnesss despondency about the lack of employment options available to them because of their academic setbacks. * The topic sentence states that one result of academic failure is negative feelings. Thus, the lector will expect the writer to explain HOW academic failure causes negative feelings. The reader may also expect the writer to explain WHAT the negative feelings are. Depression is one type of negative feeling.However, the writer does not show how academic failure causes depression. Instead, he/she states that depression will lower a persons self-esteem, which is very similar to depression. In the next sentence, the writer states that depression will increase based on a persons despondency about the lack of employment. Because despondency is the same as depression, the writer has said absolutely nothing by making that statement. Moreover, he/she has disjointed the direct connection amongst academic failur e and negative feelings when he/she chose to include employment. * Non Sequitur (a. k. a.Lying) It does not follow. A statement in which the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. * Another fuss with the current deglutition age of 21 is that it results in abusive consumption. One way it results in abusive consumption is the ache anticipation for the appropriate age, which is liable(predicate) to create excessive drinking after it becomes available. A lot of young batch who reach the legal age run to go overboard when they are finally able to drink whenever they want. They do not care about their limits and the consequences of irresponsible drinking because nobody can propound them not to drink.As a result, they fetch up up drinking too much. Another way it causes abusive drinking is that teenagers under the age of 21 are goaded by the temptation of vile activity. The age limit has not eliminated drinking for spate under 21. Instead, it has pushed them to do it in private environments, where they can hide from parents and the law. * The topic sentence specifies that the current drinking age results in the abusive consumption of alcohol. In order to prove this topic sentence, the writer would have to answer the HOW question with regard to the topic sentence.To be specific, HOW does current drinking age lead to the excessive consumption of alcohol? Although the writer does answer the question, he/she provides incorrect answers. First, the writer contends that people who have to front until a certain age to drink alcohol go overboard because theyve waited so long. This is not true People who are unable to control their bearing are likely a certain personality type, not a certain age. Even if the age were to change to cardinal (as the writer of this paper suggested), people with this particular personality type would still have the same problem.Second, the writer contends that people under the age of 21 are driven by a temptation to partic ipate in criminal activity. Again, this is not true People who have an affinity for iniquitous activity can be any age. Unless the writer can cite several reputable studies that confirm his/her claim, it is built-inly false. * Slippery Slope (a. k. a. Exaggerating) assuming that one thing will cause something extremely drastic. * dope marijuana will lead to cocaine addiction. When young people smoke marijuana, they normally become addicted to the feelings of pleasure that they arrive at from the activity.Once people become apply to those feelings, they will seek something stronger. Eventually, they will try harder drugs. Cocaine is one of the harder drugs and very addictive. As young people seek a harder drug that will go out them to feel the high that they seek, they are likely to try cocaine and, unfortunately, become addicted. * The topic sentence makes a claim that is very PRESUMPTUOUS What certify does the author have that people normally become addicted to marijuana? Has a study proven that?Even if some people do become habituate to the feelings of pleasure associated with marijuana, it is a big assumption to determine that they will need something stronger. It is an even bigger assumption to determine that they will try cocaine as the stronger drug. * Ad Hominem (a. k. a. low blows) a personal attack on an opponent rather than dealing logically with the issue itself * Another reason why teenagers should not be allowed to drive is because they do not make advanced decisions. Teenagers have not developed the social skills needed to be ourteous drivers. They are self-centered people whose negative attitudes are clearly seen in the ways that the currently behave while on the road. * The topic sentence states that teenagers do not make good decisions.The writers first primary support does begin to prove the TS because it answers the WHY question about the TS. However, the secondary support is erroneous. Instead of providing more evidence about th e PS (by answering one of the appropriate questions associated with it), the writer insults teenager by saying they have negative attitudes and paltry behavior. Red Herring (the cloak-and-dagger ammunition) an argument in which the writer introduces an irrelevant point * Another way that illegal immigrants contribute to the economy is by working. notwithstanding doing back-breaking work, many of the immigrants are that paid minimum wage.People who hire illegal immigrants can pay them lower wages than a regular U. S. worker because the illegal immigrant has no rights. Employers who hire illegal immigrants know they can save money if they hire them, and they know the immigrants will not tell anyone because of the fear of being deported. The writer has lost his/her focus. The topic sentence specifies that the illegal immigrant workers contribute to the economy. Thus, readers will expect to see the different ways that the workers do that (e. g. , the jobs they obtain and HOW those jobs contribute to the economy, perhaps the goods they misdirect and HOW they contribute to the economy). However, the writer spends the entire paragraph focusing on how the illegal immigrant workers are unfairly treated. Their unfair treatment has nothing to do with their contribution to the economy.Logical Fallacies?TUDENT HANDOUT LOGICAL FALLACIES Explanation of Logical Fallacies * What is logic? * Logic is reasoning that is conducted according to strict principles. * How is logic related to expository writing? * When you write an expository essay, you are using logic to provide the layers of proof for your statements. * You are proving your thesis when you construct your topic sentences. * e. g. , answering the Why, How, What are they questions about the thesis * You are proving your topic sentences when you construct your primary supports * e. g. answering the Why, How, What are they questions about the topic sentence * You are proving/fleshing out your primary support when yo u construct your secondary supports. * e. g. , answering the What do you mean, Tell me more, Why, How, What are they questions about the primary supports * You can think of logic/reasoning as the answers to the questions that prove the thesis, topic sentences, and primary supports. * What is a logical fallacy? * A logical fallacy (a. k. a. rhetorical fallacy) is an error in reasoning. In expository writing, it is the wrong answer to one of the questions.There are many reasons why people come up with the wrong answers. Some of the most common reasons are listed below (see Different Types of Logical Fallacies). * Logical fallacies in writing signal two assumptions about the writer * The writer is not honest * The writer is not smart. * Uses for Logical Fallacies * Writers of advertisements, editorials, and political propaganda will use logical fallacies to their advantage. Different Types of Logical Fallacies * Circular Logic (a. k. a. smoke and mirrors) an argument in which the writ er supports his/her position by partially restating it. Another effect of academic failure is negative feelings. Depression, resulting from academic failure, will lower a persons self-esteem. Similarly, depression will increase based a persons despondency about the lack of employment options available to them because of their academic setbacks. * The topic sentence states that one result of academic failure is negative feelings. Thus, the reader will expect the writer to explain HOW academic failure causes negative feelings. The reader may also expect the writer to explain WHAT the negative feelings are. Depression is one type of negative feeling.However, the writer does not show how academic failure causes depression. Instead, he/she states that depression will lower a persons self-esteem, which is very similar to depression. In the next sentence, the writer states that depression will increase based on a persons despondency about the lack of employment. Because despondency is the same as depression, the writer has said absolutely nothing by making that statement. Moreover, he/she has lost the direct connection between academic failure and negative feelings when he/she chose to include employment. * Non Sequitur (a. k. a.Lying) It does not follow. A statement in which the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. * Another problem with the current drinking age of 21 is that it results in abusive consumption. One way it results in abusive consumption is the long anticipation for the appropriate age, which is likely to create excessive drinking after it becomes available. A lot of young people who reach the legal age tend to go overboard when they are finally able to drink whenever they want. They do not care about their limits and the consequences of irresponsible drinking because nobody can tell them not to drink.As a result, they end up drinking too much. Another way it causes abusive drinking is that teenagers under the age of 21 are driven by the temptation of illegal activity. The age limit has not eliminated drinking for people under 21. Instead, it has pushed them to do it in private environments, where they can hide from parents and the law. * The topic sentence specifies that the current drinking age results in the abusive consumption of alcohol. In order to prove this topic sentence, the writer would have to answer the HOW question with regard to the topic sentence.To be specific, HOW does current drinking age lead to the excessive consumption of alcohol? Although the writer does answer the question, he/she provides incorrect answers. First, the writer contends that people who have to wait until a certain age to drink alcohol go overboard because theyve waited so long. This is not true People who are unable to control their behavior are likely a certain personality type, not a certain age. Even if the age were to change to eighteen (as the writer of this paper suggested), people with this particular personality type w ould still have the same problem.Second, the writer contends that people under the age of 21 are driven by a temptation to participate in illegal activity. Again, this is not true People who have an affinity for illegal activity can be any age. Unless the writer can cite several reputable studies that confirm his/her claim, it is entirely false. * Slippery Slope (a. k. a. Exaggerating) assuming that one thing will cause something extremely drastic. * Smoking marijuana will lead to cocaine addiction. When young people smoke marijuana, they normally become addicted to the feelings of pleasure that they derive from the activity.Once people become used to those feelings, they will seek something stronger. Eventually, they will try harder drugs. Cocaine is one of the harder drugs and very addictive. As young people seek a harder drug that will allow them to feel the high that they seek, they are likely to try cocaine and, unfortunately, become addicted. * The topic sentence makes a clai m that is REALLY PRESUMPTUOUS What evidence does the author have that people normally become addicted to marijuana? Has a study proven that?Even if some people do become accustomed to the feelings of pleasure associated with marijuana, it is a big assumption to determine that they will need something stronger. It is an even bigger assumption to determine that they will try cocaine as the stronger drug. * Ad Hominem (a. k. a. low blows) a personal attack on an opponent rather than dealing logically with the issue itself * Another reason why teenagers should not be allowed to drive is because they do not make good decisions. Teenagers have not developed the social skills needed to be ourteous drivers. They are self-centered people whose negative attitudes are clearly seen in the ways that the currently behave while on the road. * The topic sentence states that teenagers do not make good decisions.The writers first primary support does begin to prove the TS because it answers the WHY question about the TS. However, the secondary support is erroneous. Instead of providing more evidence about the PS (by answering one of the appropriate questions associated with it), the writer insults teenager by saying they have negative attitudes and poor behavior. Red Herring (the hidden ammunition) an argument in which the writer introduces an irrelevant point * Another way that illegal immigrants contribute to the economy is by working. Despite doing back-breaking work, many of the immigrants are barely paid minimum wage.People who hire illegal immigrants can pay them lower wages than a regular U. S. worker because the illegal immigrant has no rights. Employers who hire illegal immigrants know they can save money if they hire them, and they know the immigrants will not tell anyone because of the fear of being deported. The writer has lost his/her focus. The topic sentence specifies that the illegal immigrant workers contribute to the economy. Thus, readers will expect to see the different ways that the workers do that (e. g. , the jobs they obtain and HOW those jobs contribute to the economy, perhaps the goods they buy and HOW they contribute to the economy). However, the writer spends the entire paragraph focusing on how the illegal immigrant workers are unfairly treated. Their unfair treatment has nothing to do with their contribution to the economy.

Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes Essay

The article titled Gender Differences in Computer Attitudes, Ability, and Use in the Elementary Classroom is written by Dr. robin Kay who is an participator professor in the Faculty of Education at the University Of Ontario Institute Of Technology. He has published several other(a) articles in the field of computers and their role in education. He has also presented numerous papers at conferences both locally and internationally. Dr. Robin Kay has taught computers, mathematics, and technology for over 15 years of his career.At the end of the article Dr. Robin Kay states that the main reason for research is to assist in seeing all students develop an top executive to adapt to changes in technology so that all substructure enjoy the benefits of the wealth of electronic information. According to the aforementioned article, Dr. Robin Kay asserts that computers play a vital and prominent role in society and it is therefore meaning(a) that both boys and girls are given equal opportun ities in learning, working with and benefiting from computer technology.He however notes that according to research carried out by Whitley, there is a sexuality imbalance in study and use of computer technology whereby computers are viewed as masculine tools. Females are less confident than boys in use of computer technology. Differences in perception of computers and computer technology can be largely attributed to the traditional attitudes that track down to spare females from technical issues thus females are broadly speaking less interested in technological issues.In the same breath, it can be concluded that even in the few cases when females are interested in computers, they are not amply encouraged to pursue this interest. Dr. Robin Kays research notes that existing research has not addressed the differences in computer ability between boys and girls particularly in elementary school. Lack of initial support to females at the tender age of elementary school is blamed as the multiplication of the gender imbalance.Dr. Robin Kay has gone to great lengths to offer proposals and solutions to help eliminate the issue of gender imbalance The disparity between males and females and their related abilities in custom of computers and computer technology should be addressed at the grassroots level whereby efforts to encourage females to take interest should be made. It is therefore evident that Dr.Robin Kay views the gender imbalance in computer usage as a matter of perception and not practicality meaning that neither gender has an upper hand against the other if computers and computer technology were approached on an even ground. The idea of same sex computer groups would be particularly effective because it would help in alienating males who tend to be faster in grasping technological issues from females who take recollectiveer.This alongside with revised computer syllabuses for elementary schools and positive attitudes from the teachers will go a long way in bridging the gender imbalance in computer usage and benefit in elementary schools. In conclusion, Dr. Robin Kay has done a well good job given the fact that the scope of the research itself is limited. Gender imbalance in computer usage is not a research takings that would generate numerous noteworthy points but Dr. Robin Kay has done an outstanding job in enlightening readers on an otherwise dull topic.The solutions given to the caper of gender imbalance are workable even though they are generally limited to addressing the gender imbalance in computers and computer technology at the elementary school level not much has been done to assist female victims of the imbalance. Affirmative action could be adopted to address the problem of females who feed limited or little knowledge of computers when the females are put on the same platform with their male counterparts.

About the Philippines Essay

The Philippines is located in the southerlyeastern portion of Asia. Her neighbor on the north is the Republic of mainland China (Taiwan or Formosa), while on the west is Communist Vietnam. Further west is Thailand. Immediately to the south of the Philippines is Indonesia and to the southwest atomic number 18 Malaysia and Singapore. The Philippines is separated from her nearby Asian neighbors by several bodies of water. They are the Pacific Ocean on the east, the South China Sea on the north and west, and the Celebes Sea and the coastal waters of Borneo on the south.I. sphere AND ITS PEOPLEThe Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands and islets. The biggest islands are Luzon, with a land area of 40,530 satisfying miles (105,000 consecutive kilometers) Mindanao, 36,670 square miles (95,000 square kilometers) Palawan, 5,749.86 square miles (14, 896 square kilometers) Negros, 5,278.55 square miles (13,675 square kilometers) and Samar, 5,183.59 square miles (13,429 square kil ometers). She has a rugged land mass and, similarly, she has an irregular coastline, which is twice as long as that of the continental U.S.A. This irregularity has resulted in numerous fine harbors and inland straights that can accommodate large ships. They can also be a refuge of ships in distress during stormy weather. The land control surface is 115,800 square miles (300,000 square kilometers). Land forms include hills, plains, valleys, and buss. Her mountain ranges, which are volcanic in origin, are drained by small river systems. thither are seven major mountain ranges. The largest and longest is Sierra Madre, which faces the Pacific Ocean on the eastern coast of Luzon.See more Experiment on polytropic process EssayThe highest peak is Mt. Apo, a volcano in Davao del Sur Province. It has an elevation of 9,691.60 feet (2,954 meters). Three Major Islands. The three major geographical groups in the country are Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Luzon comprises the northern portion of the archipelago. The Visayan constituent has about 6,000 islands including Leyte, Cebu, Samar, and Bohol. Mindanao is the second largest land and encompasses about 400 small islands. These islands are divided into nations, which are run like states in the linked States. Each province is ruled by a goernor, a vice governor, and members of the provincial board. Each province is composed of cities, t causes, and barrios. Several Pinatubos. There are several volcanos in the Philippines. These abide been one of the natural causes of destruction to life and property for centuries. At least 10 are considered active. The most famous are Iraya on Batanes Island Taal in Batangas Banahaw in Quezon Mayon in Albay and Hibok-Hibok on the Camiguin Islands Makaturing in Lanao Apo in Davao, and Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales. Mt. Pinatubo has gained notoriety as being the most destructive volcano in the world.It lay dormant to begin with it erupted in June 1991. It directly and indirectly caused damag e to public and private property in the provinces of Zambales, Bataan, and Pampanga, including the Clark Air Force Base in Angeles City, Pampanga Province. Its ashes spread all over the world, causing global warming, damage to the ozone layer, and adverse effects on communications. After six years of eruption, the lahar deposits along the volcano still cascade down the slopes afterwards heavy rains. They continue to take comprises, destroy bridges and roads, and defy billion-peso dikes built to contain lahar flows. These lahar flows are expected to last for five or more years, fit to volcanologists. The Philippines lies within the Pacific seimic belt, which is why she experiences severer earthquakes. Christian Groups. The people of the Philippines number about 73,265,584 (July 1995 estimate). There are several cultural groups and more than 65 so-called heathen minorities in the Philippines, which speak their own dialects or languages.Among these ethnic groups are the Tagalog, t he Ilocano, the Pangasinanian, the Pampangue?o, the Bicolano, the Cebuano, the Ilongo, and the Waray-Waray. They comprise more than 90 percentage of all Filipinos and are the Christians. About 84 percent of Filipinos are Roman Catholics. The Tagalogs live in Manila and in central and southern Luzon. Although they speak Tagalog, they have intonations of their own, as do the Batangue?os from Batangas Province. The Tagalogs mostly live in such provinces as Nueva Ecija (the Ilocanos also live in some towns in the northern part of the province), Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, Quezon, Laguna, and Mindoro (Oriental and Occidental). The Tagalogs dominate the people in Manila. There are, however, some people in the city who have come from different parts of the country, including Luzon, to live in the big city. Many also have come from the Bicol region and the Visayan islands. The Ilocanos live in the Ilocos region in northern Luzon, particularly Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte, but many of them ha ve migrated in large numbers to central Luzon, and, of course, to the United States.Most of the oldtimers in the United States in the late 1920s and early 1930s came from the Ilocos region. The Ilongos live in western Negros, in southern Mindoro, and on the island of Panay. The Cebuanos harness in Cebu, western Leyte, Bohol, eastern Negros, and in some coastal areas of Mindanao. The Bicolanos are in the southeastern Luzon and nearby islands, including the provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte, and so on The Pampangue?os or Kapampangans live in central Luzon, particularly in Pampanga Province. The Pangasinanians live in the Lingayen Gulf region of Luzon, including Pangasinan Province however, many Pangasinanians have migrated into early(a) towns in central Luzon. The Waray-Warays are in the provinces of Samar and eastern Leyte. Other Groups. Chinese and early(a) groups also live in the Philippines. The Chinese comprise 1.5 percent of the population, and are active in business. Cult ural Minorities. There are more than 65 cultural minorities, similar to the Indian tribes in the United States, who live in reservations and in the mountains.They include the Muslim groups, which are comprised of the Maranao, the Samal, the Maguindanao, the Tausug, etc. They live in the Sulu Archipelago and southern Mindanao. There are also the so-called upland tribal groups who live in the mountain regions of the country, such as in the Mountain Province of Luzon. In northern Luzon, the other ethnic groups include the Bontoc, the Kalinga, the Ifugao, the Kankanay, the Ibaloi, the Isneg, the Ilongot, the Tinguian, and the Gadang. The Mangyan group lives in Mindanao and the Batak and the Tagbanua live in Palawan. In Mindanao there are groups know as the Tiruray, the TBoli, the Bagobo, the Mandaya, the Bukidnon, the Subanun, and the Manobo. The Negritoes, popularly known as the Agta or the Aeta live in the mountainous areas of Luzon, Negros, Panay, and Mindanao. I love You Iniibig Kit a Yes, I love you is said in about 87 dialects or languages in the Philippines. These include Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Cebuano, Pangasinanian, Bicolano, Hiligaynon, Chabacano, and the different dialects spoken by other ethnic groups such as Muslims and cultural minorities. The Filipino dialects become to the so-called Malayo-Polynesian language family, which is said to be the largest language family throughout the world.Pilipino (not Filipino), which is based on Tagalog, is the national language in the Philippines, but both side of meat and Pilipino, are the official languages in schools, in government, and in private institutions, especially in urban places. English serves as the official language used in communications and in business meetings, especially by Rotarians, Jaycees, and other organizations. That is, English and Pilipino both serve as the media of communications among the people who also speak their own dialects. It is common that when a Filipino in the Philippi nes and a Filipino in America write to each other, they communicate in English. But in fooling conversation, English and Pilipino are combined, which is called Taglish (meaning Tagalog (Pilipino) and English. For instance, one may say, Pupunta ako sa Maynila, to enroll at the University of the Philippines, (Ill go to Manila to enroll at the.) or Okeng, okey ka, youre so sugared (Youre okay and youre so sweet) So whenever you meet Filipinos in the United States, they may be speech their own dialects when not speaking in English. However, these groups know Pilipino.So if you want to know a Filipino language, it should be Tagalog or Pilipino so that youll have more people whom you can discuss with. Government.The Philippines has a democratic form of government, like that of the United States. The government is divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Have Pesos and Enjoy If you have the dollar sign, you can have it changed to the Philippine peso. The dollar when this book was about to go to press was equivalent to forty pesos (P40.00). The Philippine currency consists of the peso (P) and the centavo. One hundred centavos equal P1. Coin denominations are 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos, and P1, P2, and P5. Bill denominations consist of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, euchre, and 1,000 pesos.Foreign currency may be exchanged in banks, hotels, and most large department stores, which have authorized money-changing shops. delegation It Charge It Most large hotels, stores, restaurants, and resort areas accept major credit cards, including Visa, Mastercard, and American Express. At hotels and other large stores, travelers checks are accepted, preferably American Express. Hows the Weather? The weather in the Philippines is tropical, the country having only two seasons, the dry and rainy seasons. Its usually hot from April to July. The dry season is surrounded by November and June and the rainy season is between July and October. Filipinos consider December, January, and February as the cool months. But they may not be considered as winter without snow as in the United States maybe its milder or like spring or fall.II. FLASHBACK THE EARLY FILIPINOSThe Philippines, scientists believe, once was a part of Mainland China. According to the scientists, during the Ice Age, the waters contact the Philippines dropped to about 156 feet at a lower place the present levels, exposing large bodies of land. These became land bridges connecting the Philippines to the Asian mainland. The Philippines, Out from the Bottom of the Sea? In February 1976, Dr. Fritjof Voss, a German scientist who studied the geology of the Philippines, questioned the hardship of this theory of land bridges. He maintained that the Philippines was never part of mainland Asia. He claimed that it arose from the bottom of the sea and, as the thin Pacific crust moved below it, continued to rise. It continues to rise today. The country lies along great Earth faults that extend to deep undersea trenches. The resulting violent earthquakes caused what is now the land masses forming the Philippines to rise to the surface of the sea.Dr. Voss also pointed out that when scientific studies were done on the earths crust from 1964 to 1967, it was discovered that the 35-kilometer-thick crust underneath China does not reach the Philippines. Thus, the latter(prenominal) could not have been a land bridge to the Asian mainland. When They Came, How They Came. The traditional teaching of Philippine history in Filipino schools today has early Philippine habitants coming in waves. In 1962, it was concluded that about 250,000 years ago, primitive men came to the Philippines from the Asian mainland. Then about 25,000 years ago came the pygmies, the small, black-skinned, squat-nosed, thick-lipped, and kinky-haired people from the south over the still remaining land bridges. (They are considered the ancestors of the Negritoes, who are, in turn, regarded as the aborigines of the Ph ilippines.) Around 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, another Negrito (or Aeta) migration occurred. They reached Luzon from Borneo over land bridges in Palawan and Mindoro.The concentration of the land bridges when the ice melted with the passing of time did not prevent other people from inhabiting the Philippines. 5,000 to 6,000 Years Ago? The set-back Indonesians arrived by boat from Southeast Asia some 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. Much later, around 1500 B.C., a second wave of Indonesians arrived. Then came the Malays in two successive waves, the first between 800 and 500 B.C. and the second, between 300 and 200 B.C. From Borneo, they traveled by sailboats and settled in the three major islands of the Philippines Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Subsequent peoples who came from the start of Christianity until the present time include the Indians (Hindus), the Arabs, the Chinese, other Eastern Asians, the Europeans, and the Americans. Who Came First? The matter of who the first settlers wer e has not been really resolved. This is being disputed by anthropologists, as well as the theory of Professor H. Otley Beyer that the first inhabitants of the Philippines came from the Malay Peninsula. The Malays now constitute the largest portion of the populace and what Filipinos now have is a Malayan culture.Anthropologist F. Landa Jocano of the University of the Philippines contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men show is that they not only migrated to the Philippines, but also to New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. He says that there is no way of determining if they were Negritoes at all. However, what is sure is that there is evidence the Philippines was inhabited as early as 21,000 or 22,000 years ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to be those of a human being, were found in a Tabon cave in Palawan Province. The discovery proved that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula therefore, the first inhabitants of the former d id not come from the latter. Jocano further believes that present Filipinos are products of the long process of evolutions and movements of people. This not only holds true for Filipinos, but for the Indonesians and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group among the three is culturally or racially dominant.Hence, Jocano says that it is not chasten to attribute the Filipino culture as being Malay in orientation. According to Jocanos findings, the peoples of the prehistoric islands of Southeast Asia were of the same population as the compounding of human evolution that occurred in the islands of Southeast Asia about 1.9 million years ago. The proofs of this are fossil materials found in different parts of the region and the movements of other peoples from the Asian mainland during historic times. He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under any of the historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, Filipinos) of today. Some Filipino ethnic groups were pa gans while others were Muslims. The pagans were converted to Christianity by the Spaniards. The Americans later arrived and introduced further cultural changes, which made the Filipinos more and more different from the peoples of other Southeast Asian countries.